Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 86. (Budapest 1994)

Bálint, Zs. ; Johnson, K.: Polyommatine lycaenids of the oreal biome in the Neotropics, part II: The Itylos section (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae)

Short taxonomic history - Itylos sensu DRAUDT, [1921]: The genus was first used by DRAUDT ([1921]: 818) in the heading for "Lycaena (Rusticus) ruberrothei WEEKS". Three pages later DRAUDT mentioned it as "15. Gattung: Itylos gen. n.". DRAUDT distinguished two species groups in his genus: first, a group of species consisting of taxa included Madeleinea and Paralycaeides by BÁLINT (1993a); second, the two formerly mentioned of Itylos s. sir. (see also BÁLINT 1993a: 3). However, the genus, as described, had no type species; this was designated later by HEMMMING in 1929 (see NABOKOV 1945: 38), who chose Cupido speciosa as the type species. Itylos sensu NABOKOV (1945): NABOKOV (1945: 38) did not recognize the type species designation of HEMMING because of the circumstances noted above, e.g. DRAUDT had first associated Itylos with the taxa ruberrothei WEEKS, 1902, moza STAUDINGER, 1894 and inconspicua DRAUDT, [1921], structurally an entirely different group of taxa than the titicaca-speciosa taxa pair. So, to NABOKOV, Itylos is identified with the &oa-group s.l. (= Madeleinea BÁLINT, 1993). Accordingly, NABOKOV designated the type species of his Itylos as Cupido moza STAUDINGER (1894) and, some pages before, erected a new genus Parachilades for the second group of DRAUDT (NABOKOV 1945: 6), for which he presented a formal generic diagnosis. In spite of the fact that NABOKOV'S view is logical, his action is invalid because the original Itylos type species designation of HEMMING was perfectly valid (cf. HEMMING 1967: 236-237). As a result, Parachilades NABOKOV, 1945 is a synonym of Itylos DRAUDT, 1921, herein used as a syn n.. In the most recent literature (e.g. URETA 1964, ELIOT 1973: 450, BRIDGES 1988: 11.81, JOHNSON 1992a) NABOKOV has generally been followed, using Parachilades or, in one case (FORSTER 1955: 87 and Taf. 30, Fig. 1) "Ithylos" for butterflies like speciosa. This nomenclatoric confusion was only recently clarified by BÁLINT (1993a: 6, 13-14) in which Itylos was restricted to the usages documented in the present paper. However, in a paper appearing a month earlier BALLETTO (1993) described one component of the Itylos assemblage as a monotypic genus, an action we evaluate at more length below. Synopsis of Specieshylos lilicaca (WEYMER, 1890) (= Cupido speciosa STAUDINGER, 1894, syn. n., and here lenlatively including also some outlying populations still needing further status evaluation [see below deme of "Ancash" and "Tucumán"]). Itylos pnin BÁLINT, 1993 Itylos fumosus (BALLETIO, 1993)(= Itylos luzhin BÁLINT, 1993, syn. n.). Diagnosis of the Genus - Body: Eyes naked, palpi with strong black hairs, foreleg tibial spine absent, abdomen short. Wing venation (Fig. 64): FW with veins Sc and Rl briefly anastomosed. Wing shape: FW with convex, apex rounded, inner margin short and convex, tornus rounded, anal margin very short comparing with costa. Pattern: Sexes dissimilar on DW (only titicaca known). Male DW with purple blue ground bordered by narrow black margin. Female DW ground cold blue with relatively wide black margin. Fringes checkered, type 5. FW costa fringed at apex. VFW with bronze brown with suffused polyommatine resembling markings. VHW pattern ityloid (NABOKOV 1945, Fig. 1.). Androconial scales: absent. Male genitalia: Uncus pointed, straight and long; gnathos long, thick and pointed; tegumen and vinculum short with strong shaddle, appendix angularis absent; juxta saddled with short but well developed arms; valve wide with rounded costa, strong costal rostellum and large, well developed and pointed anal process; aedeagus thickish with relatively well devoloped alulae; sagum absent. Female genitalia: Papillae anales normal polyommatine shaped but broad and large; ostium bursa and anterior lamella strongly developed, 8th tergit large with elongate uniplanar apodeme. More detailed diagnosis can be found in NABOKOV (1945: 6-10). D i s t r i b u t i o n - In the oreal biome the high of Andes, from central Peru (Ancash) to northern Argentina (Tucumán). Further involved countries: Chile and Bolivia (Fig. 33). Phylogenetic Affinities and Placement - The genus Itylos was placed (as Parachilades NABOKOV) in ELIOT'S omnibus Polyommatus section (ELIOT 1973) with 32 other available generic names. ELIOT listed several diagnostic characters of his Po-