Cseri Miklós, Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Népi építészet a Kárpát-medencében a honfoglalástól a 18. századig - A 2001. október 9-10-én Szolnokon megrendezett konferencia anyaga (Szentendre; Szolnok: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum; Szolnoki Damjanich János, 2001)
† NAGY Ágnes-GALLINA ZSOLT-MOLNÁR István-SKRIBA Péter: Késő Árpád-kori, nagyméretű, földbe mélyített építmények Ordacsehi-Bugaszegen
Big size dug-outs in Ordacsehi-Bugaszeg from the late Arpadian age ZSOLT GALLIN A-ISTVÁN MOLNÁR-PÉTER SKRIBA-IJÁGNES NAGY In 2000—2001 we excavated the site called Ordacsehi-Bugaszeg near the highway M7 in different phases. We dedicate this essay to the memory of Ágnes NAGY who lost her life in a tragic car accident last spring. The excavations in 2000—2001 unearthed 5 big size dug-outs. None of them was furnished with heating. All were very big (35—55 m 2 ) and very deep. Rows of piles accompanied the walls of 4 buildings. The piles of one of the buildings (92) were set up in a ditch. A smaller ditch was dug between the rows of piles and the wall. These buildings had a protruding, inclined side-entrance. We observed traces of yellow clay filling, stamping or revetment between the rows of piles and the wall of object nr. 402. Building nr. 174. was different: it was made without the rows of piles. There was also no entrance and it was erected at a distance from the other buildings. We conclude from the available finds that the buildings were setup between the end of the 12 th and the mid 13 th century. In view of the charred layer of charcoal on the bottom of every building, we assume that they were all destroyed at the same time. The original depth of the big size houses was 120—180 cm, therefore we can include them in the category of deep dug-outs. Tibor SABJÁN reconstructed the basic types (objects nr. 351, 76 and 92) of the buildings. The rows of piles along the walls had some connection to the revetment or the stamping of the walls. The piles along the walls might have supported the crowning. The piles in the interior might have served for the internal supporting of the roof. The bottom part of the roof rested probably on the earth. It was covered by a saddle-roof. We know from ethnography many examples for above constructions: stables, barns and dug-outs have similar ground-plans too. Building no. 402 has a perfect resemblance with a building in Kardosküt-Hatablak. In our opinion, the piles supported in both buildings the revetment and not the roof, which might have rested on the ground, was constructed with rafters and had a light structure. The archaeological literature knows about several similar buildings. They are seldom identified as dwelling houses, rather as farm buildings of cellars. The known buildings reveal big resemblance, but there are differences in the details. The stable found in Kardoskút is very likely to the buildings in Bugaszeg. The objects in Bugaszeg were not fitted out with permanent heating. The big size, the undivided space and the depth of the dug-outs hint at their function as farm buildings. The lack of flooring and the superficial finishing of the inside indicate that they were not meant for human use. The inclining entrance leading to the interior is suitable for animals. After checking the structural solutions, we can discover that we have a rich ethnographic material about this type of building, such as earthen houses, stables, dug-out stables, etc. Based on archaeological and ethnographic material, we can define above mentioned buildings as dug-out or earthen stables for keeping animals. So far, we did not have much knowledge about this type of building from the mentioned period. Luckily, we found 4—5 such buildings at one site. We didn't reveal, however, a dwelling house from the Arpadian age at the site. We assume that the dug-out stables were set up outside the former settlement, at a distance from the dwelling houses. Therefore, we might be correct when we say that we can recognise here one of the early appearances of the form of settlement, where the farming units had two crofts. In our opinion, the phosphor analysis supports above statements.
