Cseri Miklós, S. Laczkovits Emőke szerk.: A Balaton felvidék népi építészete - A Balatonfüreden 1997. május 21-23-án megrendezett konferencia anyaga (Szentendre: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum; Veszprém: Laczkó Dezső Múzeum, 1997)

MÁRKUSNÉ Vörös Hajnalka: Kálváriák a Bakonyban és a Balaton-felvidéken

Calvaries in the Bakony-Hills and in the Balaton-Uplands HAJNALKA VÖRÖS Calvaries have been erected in the regions of Bakony and Balaton-Uplands from the middle of the 18th century onwards. Earlier monuments did not remain and we have only very vague ideas about their existence at all. The devastation in our region was to such an extent that not only the assumed calvaries but whole villages, churches and monasteries were completely destroyed. The majority of the population converted to the Protestantism and catholic traditions were no more kept alive by the remaining population. When construction activities began again in the second half of the 18th century, no model building was there to be followed. We can say following about the characteristics of the construction of calvaries in the studied region in chronological order: In the second half of the 18th century only few calvaries were built. Initiators of the construction work were monastic orders, the Paulin and the Cistercian orders who took up again their activities in the region (Pápa, Magyarpolány, Nagytevel). The Paulin order played a special important role in the building of calvaries thanks to their expert building masters and woodcarvers. The calvary in Barnag is a case of transition in respect of the person of initiator, since it was sponsored by one of the village inhabitants. Regarding the form, the calvaries consist of 5, 6, or 7 Stations with a cross or a chapel on the hilltop. (The form of the calvary in Nagytevel with 14 Stations arranged around the church is rather an exception in this period.) The iconographie program of these calvaries includes 5 of the 7 mysteries of Mary, in some places completed by the events of Christ's condemnation by Pilate and the burial. This iconography was generally used in German speaking territories till the middle of the 18th century. The Stations were built in the form of chapels and freguently used building material was stone. In the 18th century painted wooden figures were put in the Stations. Most of calvaries known today, have been erected in the 19th century. Many calvaries have been built in German settlements, the building costs having been financed mainly by the faithful. In the first century the representation of the three crosses was preferred, surrounded by a stone fence. The wooden crosses were provided with tin figures but in the second half of the century wooden crosses were replaced by stone crosses with stone or cast-metal figures. Up to 1860, the representation with 5, 6, 7 Stations prevailed. From 1870 appear the calvaries with 14 Stations and a chapel. Few calvaries were constructed in the 20th century. All consist of 14 Stations and 3 crosses at the end. Chapels were no more built. If we look at the arrangement of the calvaries, we notice that most of them are constructed outside the village and if possible, on a hill slope. By preference, they are set next to the cemetery, around the church in the middle of the village and near holy springs of places of pilgrimage. These calvaries were scenes with a special atmosphere, carrying the spectator above everyday life and attracting not only the community of their builders but people from a long way away as well.