Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 7. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1991)

BALASSA M. IVÁN: A Felföld magyar parasztságának tüzelőberendezése

heating device, i. e. an oven, whose stoke hole opens under the kabola. Heating devices in these two parts of the Carpathian Basin differ not only in their form and structure but also in their terminology. This also justifies my view that the two versions do not represent two phases of development, as many people hold, but two solutions of the problem of removing smoke, at least partly, from the living-room. Many lessons can be learned from the way, too, as these heating devices went out of use. At first, a closed fire-place with an iron cooking surface was added to them in both areas in the 19th century. Then, in the west, the stoke-hole of the oven was transferred into the passage preceding the room. East of the River Sajó, however, it was the body of the oven that went gradually out of the room where people lived day and night, its stokehole and smoke flue, however, stayed there up to the last hour of its existence. At the same time another type of heating system was gaining ground steadily. It came from the south, (the region of houses characteristic of the Great Hungarian Plain) where its use had resulted in a smoke-free room to live in as early as in the 16th-17th centuries. In the western areas, where there was little tradition of the flue channelling smoke from the oven in the dwelling room, or of open chimneys, people switched over comparatively quickly to making open chimneys - a development encouraged by the authorities - of unburnt or burnt bricks, sometimes even of stones. In the room, where they lived, only closed heating devices and kályháskemencék (c. oven with stove) appearing comparatively late remained. East of the River Sajó, however the use of beam framed open chimneys made of daubed wattle came to an end in the 20th century only and ovens, developed in the 17th century, were still being constructed in the second half of the 19th. Kályháskemence could rarely be seen here, and even the few ones that existed were in the houses of the minor gentry or of oppidans.