Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 7. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1991)

BALASSA M. IVÁN: A Felföld magyar parasztságának tüzelőberendezése

schnell zu den aus luftgetrockneten oder gebrannten Ziegeln oder Steinen gebauten offenen Rauchfängen über. Im Wohnraum blieben nur die geschlossenen und die verhältnismäßig spät auftauchenden Kachelöfen erhalten. Östlich der Linie des Flusses Sajó unterließ man die Benutzung der mit Holzgerüst und Rutengeflecht errichteten offenen Rauchfänge erst im 20. Jahrhundert, und es wurden sogar noch in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts solche Öfen errichtet, deren Typ sich im 17. Jahrhundert herausgebildet hatte. Kachelöfen kommen hier kaum vor, nur selten im Haushalt der Adeligen und der in den Marktflecken lebenden. Iván M. Balassa THE HEATING DEVICES OF HUNGARIAN PEASANTS IN THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN In the course of research into the vernacular architecture of the Hungarian inhabitants of the north-eastern half of the Carpathian Basin, heating devices have always been given particular attention. It has several reasons, some of them are the characteristic form and function of these devices, the lessons that can be learned from the denominations of their various parts and, last but not least, that a significant part of their development took place almost in front of our eyes. I dealt with the question as part of a comprehensive work, unpublished as yet, entitled A lakóházak történeti fejlődése ÉszakMagyarországon (Historical development of dwelling houses in Northern Hungary). I have decided to publish the results of my researches that concern heating devices as a separate study because of the timeliness of the subject. At the same time the difficulty arises that here I can only connect what I have experienced in this field with the development of those elements of the house which are in a causal connection with it by making references. The latter were outlined in two of my published works (Iván M. BALASSA, 1985; Iván M. BALASSA 1989b). The heating devices in the dwelling houses in the territory examined developed from a flat, rectangular oven, lying by the door of the building consisting of one single room, its face with the stoke-hole turned towards the door and closing a right angle with the wall. This is in exact correspondence with the constructions in general use all over Eastern Europe during the 10th—12th centuries brought to light by archaeological excavations. When dwellings were already two-room-houses, after the 12th-13th centuries, and the walls of the majority of buildings were presumably above the ground, the oven was turned towards the windows in the short front of the house. It cannot as yet be stated when the bottom of the fire-space was raised above ground level. In some places there are signs of ovens kept on a wooden platform. To remove at least part of the smoke from the room where they lived, people found different solutions at different times in the different places in the northeastern part of the Carpatihian Basin. As early as the first half of the 17th century in the area east of the River Sajó (running from north to south through the town of Miskolc) combustion products were channelled from before the stokehole of the oven, still opening into the living room, by a slanting device to the passage preceding the room. This was called kabola (smoke flue). From this passage, which was also used for storage purposes, smoke was removed by an open chimney as early as the 18th century. The open chimneys were made of wattle and daub on a frame of beams. In the western half of the area examined, the devices of smoke abatement appeared about a century later. These, however led the smoke from the stokehole of the oven straight to the loft. This solution did not require the use of a chimney, as it was a small chimney-like thing itself, though ending under the roof. Here therefore the open chimney became an indispensable part of peasant houses in the middle of the 19th century only. It poses a difficulty that in ethnography the smoke vent found in the eastern areas is considered identical with the fireplace. Sometimes, especially when part of the device for smoke removal is made of ceramic tiles, this may seem formally justified. There is however a difference of substance between the fireplace and the kabola smoke flue. The fireplace is always an independent heating device, corresponding functionally to the similar devices known in Atlantic Europe. In the eastern half of the area at issue, however, it is always a closed