Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

CHOW says that the concept of race included always something indefinite. Stirred up by politics, now each nationality wants to be considered a special race. But there is no "national" race without the hybridization with others. There is no german race either. Races are nothing else but hereditary variations ("Rassen nichts anderes sind als erbliche Variationen").

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Cf. also Vacher de LAPOUGE I.e. footn. 108, 366, holds that a fusion or unification of the races in a nation is contrary to the elementary laws of biology. 505 BUFFON, LINNÉ and RUDBECK applied the still young concept of zoological race to man, and made the European blond man the crown of creation. After Arthur GOBINEAU's work ("Essai sur Tinégalité des races humaines

" Par., 1853-55; tr. N.Y., 1961) it was thought that only the white race was capable of creating culture. A political race theory developed which exalted the Aryans, and crowned the Germans as the "master race".—Cf. also the works of GRANT M. I.e. footn. 428 (The passing of the great race); GÜNTHER, H. F. K. (1925): Der nordische Gedanke unter den Deutschen. Münch.; STODDARD, L. (1920): The rising tide of color against white world supremacy, Lond.

; V/OLTMANN, L. (1903): Politische Anthropologie, Eisenach; E CKSTEDT, E. (1954): Die Forschung am Menschen, einschliesslich Rassenkunde una Rassengeschichte der Menschheit (2. Aufl. Stuttgart).

—In an effort to erase race, some denied thatany racial differences exsist, e.g., KLINEBERG, O. (1933): Race differences, N.Y. 506 Cf. GOBINEAU I.e. footn. 505 (ref. to 1967 N.Y. edition) includes such statements, as: /.) the spirit of isolation is innate in the human race; 2.) there is secret repulsion from the crossing of blood (p. 29); 3.) a people will never die if it remains eternally composed of the same national elements (p. 33); 4.) environment has no predominating influence (p. 38); 5.) racial differences are permanent (p. 117); 6.) the human races are intellectually unequal, and mankind is not capable of infinite progress (Chapter XIII). 507 Cf. GRANT I.e. footn. 505, (p. xxxiii): "... this generation must completely repudiate the proud boast of our fathers that they acknowledged no distinction in 'race, creed, or color', or else the native American must turn the page of history and write: "Finis Americae".

...".—In 1899, Senator John W. ÐANETT, of Virginia, declared: "There is one thing that neither time nor education can change. You may change the leopard's spots, but you will never change the different qualities of the races which God has created in order that they may fulfill separate and distinct missions in the cultivation and civilization of the world." (Congressional Record, 55

t

h Congr., 3. session, 1424). 508 Representatives of this group included AGASSIZ, MORTON, Cf. WAITZ I.e. footn. 30, vol. 1,430:" this is a sort of divine decree so that, in this extermination of the Indians, the white American performs a pious act which should be praised".

—The Amerindians are extremely proud of their race, and are against intermarriage with whites in general. The Federal Government gave them first the standing of foreign states, and signed a series of separate treaties. Indians gradually settled on the remaining portions of their lands, the reservations (ca. 150 mill, acres in 1870). In 1887, Congress passed an act trying to dissolve tribal organizations and integrate Indians into the population as individuals. The policy was reversed in 1934, by the Indian Reorganization Act which tried to reinvigorate and stabilize the Indian tribes, and to preserve the preliterate culture of the tribes.

—In 1923, ŁAUGĤŁ Ņ wrote, that the full-blooded American Indian was fast becoming a thing of the past. They became broken-spirited public wards, and deteriorating as a race. [ŁAUGĤŁ Ņ, H. H. (1923): The second international exhibition of eugenics. Bait, 1923]. 509 During World War II., the Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, compiled a pamphlet, entitled: "The Races of Mankind

", issued in Oct. 1943., as vol. 85 of Public Affairs Pamphlet, and it was supposed to be distributed among U.S. soldiers. Among other falsehoods, and half-truths it contained the statement that southern whites have lower intelligence than northern negroes (p. 18); that Russian treated their minorities well (p. 26). On p. 4 an illustration (signed

: Reinhardt) showed Adam end Eve at the trunk of the tree whose branches are made up by a negro, hindu, cĥinese, and a hatted white man. Adam and Eve were depicted with navels. This was the pretense by which Congress stopped the distribution of the pamphlet as an innacurate piece of document. 510 Cf. GOBINEAU I.e. footn. 505.—Contrary to him, SERRES held that miscegenation is an essential means for the stock; he thought that evolution of mankind is reached when all the different races become fully mixed.

—A Louisiana Law requires racial labeling of human blood 79