Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

for transfusion; recipients must be informed if blood from a racially different donor is to be used. This law was enacted in 1958. (Cf. Sciences, 1969, 9: No, 10, Oct., 4.). 511 When a Japanese statesman asked the advice of Herbert SPENCER in regard to racial intermarriage, SPENCER wrote a famous letter (repr. in Eugenics, 1930, 3: 63. Febr. no. 2): "Let me, in the first place, answer generally that the Japanese policy should, I think, be that of keeping Americans and Europeans as much as possible at arm's length. In presence of the more powerfull races your position is one of chronic danger, and you should take every precaution to give as little foothold as possible to foreigners Respecting the intermarriage of foreigners and Japanese it should be positively forbidden... (because) when the varieties mingled diverge beyond a certain slight degree the result is inevitably a bad one in the long run ... keep other races at arm's length as much as possible." 512 In the early xviii ct. the Maryland Assembly passed a law prohibiting intermarriage between negroes, mulattoes and white persons. 513 Cf. P ERSON D. (1942): Negroes in Brasil, Chic.; states that in the U.S. the spread of contraceptive practices, fear of venereal diseases, and the increasing race consciousness of the negro have led to a decided decrease in miscegenation (120.) 514 Cf. P ERSON, ibid. 121.: A black mother proudly showed her white child and said: "Estou limpando a minha raça ( = I am cleansing my race."). One also often hears in Bahia the expression "melhorando a raça". Native Brazilian women had desire to have children "belonging to the superior race", since, according to the current ideas, parentage was important only on the paternal side. 515 American racism developed soon after the xix. ct. Civil War. First directed against the negroes, it soon attacked the European immigrants stigmatizing them as inferiors. Cf. SMITH R. M. (1890): Emigration and Immigration, N.Y. was discovered, that the birth rate of native women started to decline, while the immigrants were of fertile stocks. Others pointed out, that immigrants were sources of crime, insanity, disease, pauperism. Since 1895 various legislative restrictions have been suggested. 516 The Eugenics Section was under the influence of Harry H. ŁAUGĤŁ Ņ, who became the "expert eugenics agent" of the U.S. Congress. 517 In Nov. 1922, ŁAUGĤŁ Ņ submitted a report entitled "Expert analysis of the metal and the dross in America's modern melting pot". This so impressed Congress that it was considered often the principal basis of the Act of 1924. He said that democracy, and equality cf man in the country is so overwhelming in evryone's mind that "that we have left out consideration the matter of blood or natural inborn hereditary mental and moral differences... The surest biological power which the Federal Government now possesses to direct the future of America along safe and sound racial channels is to control the hereditary quality of the immigration stream." Cf. also PETERSEN, I.e. footn. 372 (109). 51S Cf. PEARL, R. (1924): Studies in Human Biology, Bait., 248, he suggests intermittent or periodic immigration, complete suspension for 20 years, followed by free immigration for 10 years: "... I have still very great confidence in the absorb tive and assimilative powers of the American people for queer non-American bipeds provided that they do not come to us too fast " 519 A program of genealogical inspection has been also suggested to detect the ancestral stock from which the immigrant originates. Similar suggestions made by Max KAESSBACHER, of Heidelberg, also by DAVENPORT. 520 In 191 l,atthe Pacific Theological Seminary, T. ROOSEVELT said: "Two-thirds of our increase now comes from the immigrants and not from the babies born here, not from young Americans who are to perpetuate the blood and the traditions of the old stock.

.. The first duty of any nation that is worth considering at all is to perpetuate its own life, its own blood." (Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia. Mem. Ed. XV, 599). 521 The coming of Japanese is of special interest because of their dissimilar culture. In 1908, a movement was organized in Japan which brought several hundred thousands to Brazil. After their arrival, they multiplied rapidly. They became landowners, or merchants, were not attracted to the Brazilian way of life, and intermarriage has been rare. OŁ VE R A de (1937): O probleme imigratorio na constituiçáo brasile¿r a; razöes amer ic anas de uma campanha parlamentar¿a de bras¿l¿dade. Rio., he wrote as a physician, psychiatrist, and member of the Brazilian parliament. He found that 19.5% of the inmates in Brazilian mental hospitals were aliens between 80