Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

lished in 1907 for the preparation of a Maternity Fund. U.S. presidents used to send congratulatory letters to fathers of many children. 427 Statistical figures from the end of the 19th cent, show that among the 50-year old men the highest rates of bachelors were in Belgium, Ireland, Switzerland, Bavaria, Scotland, Austria, and Italy.

—DIDEROT (ca. 1765; Encyclop¿die,XV

: 139) stated that if priests would marry, France would have 10 000 more births per year. Turmeau de LA MORANDIÉRE (1763): Appel des ¿träñgeres dans nos colonies, Par., wished to declare "infamous" any layman remaining unmarried at the age of 35-36 years; to disqualify them from public office. Cf. SAUVY, 1c. footn. 394; also BERTILLON, I.e. footn. 378, 177. 428 Cf. PLOETZ lc. footn. 105.—The dysgenic effect of wars was asserted by many: TENON, DUFAU, FOISSAC, de LA POUGE, and RICHET in France; TIEDEMANN and SEECK in Germany; GUERRINI in Italy; KELLOGG and JORDAN in England and America. Cf. GRANT, M. (1921): The Passing of the Great Race, N. Y.

—In European countries it was found that the soldiers' height was decreasing year after year. Anthropologists, studying the military statistics of French recruiting, concluded that the wars of the First Empire increased the weaklings whose offspring exhibited various hereditary stigmata. In 1783, TENON said that tall people became rare because the long wars ate them up: "Les guerrer et surtout les longues guerres font be¡sser la taille commune par la consommation des hommes les plus ĥau s." Cf. VILLERME L. R. (1833): Ann. hyg. pub., 1. ser., 10: 27-35. Also KELLOGG, V. L. (1916): Military Selection, Oxford. See also TSCHOURILOFF (fl87S): Rev anthrop., 1877; q. by BERTILLON, 1. c. footn. 378. See also CHATEAUNEUF¦ B. (1833): Ann. hyg. pub, 1. ser. 10: 261, quoting the observations of PETIGNY on recruiting: "La conscription n'a pas Seų emen détruir les générations qu'elle a frappée; elle a flétri dans ses sources la vie des générations ä venir... Tant, dunions mai assorties n'ont pu produire qu'une race abätardie." See also VILLERME, L. R. (1829): Ibid., 1. ser., 1: 351-399. Let us add here, that in 1918, LLOYD GEORGE declared that the result of the physical examination of British manhood showed a physical condition lower than in any other civilized country. Cf. BARR, 1. c. footn. 423, 626. 429 LOCH, C. S. (1910): Charity and Social Life. 430 This is because "no man can receive as a gift what he should earn by his own labor without moral deterioration." Cf. also Mrs LOWELL, J. S. (1884): Public Relief and Private Charity, N. Y., 66. and 68. 431 Cf. TALBOT E. S. (1847-1924): Degeneracy; its causes, signs, and results, Lond. (1898). Also the works of LAUVERGNE, Eugene SUE, VIDOCQ. 432 The somewhat controversial huge literature on the dysgenic role of alcohol has been growing since the time of St. Augustine ("De vitanda ebrietate"), and it tremendously increased in the second half of the 19th. cent., since about 1858, when alcoholism was already looked upon as a sort of mental disease. For an extensive partial list of works, see vol. 1, 4. ser., of the Index Catalogue of the Surgeon General's Library

, Wash., 1936. Cf. also FRETS, 1. c. footn. 83, 41. 433 AMMON O. (1893): Die natürliche Auslese beim Menschen, Jena. Also HUNTINGTON. 1. c. footn. 330, and WHITNEY, D. D. (1942): The Builders of America; the he states that the human race is breeding from its worse rather than from its better elements. See also SHOCKLEY 1. c. footn. 398, 91: "Our abundant American society assures to ail the privilege of reproducing their kind." 434 J. FAIGUET de VILLENEUVE (1703-1780): L'Ami des pauvres. Par. (1766), suggested the establishment of special military regiments, or segregation of the unfit in religious institutions to prevent their propagation. 435 MOHEAU, M. (1778): Recherches et consid¿ratioñs, etc. Par.; q. by SPENGLER, lc. footn. 233. 436 ROUSSEAU, 1. c. footn. 413. See also his Social Contract. 437 JORDAN, D. S. (1910): Eugenics Review

, 2: No. 3, 247,—In nortwestern Italy, in the city of Aosta, cretins and goitrous used to intermarry, and the city was the breeding ground of a special type of man utterly useless for all sorts of purposes. But segregation for them from other people and from each other stopped the famous Aosta cretinism completely. See also HALLER, M. H. (1963): Eugenics, N. Brunswick. 438 Alexander JOHNSON, of Chicago, said that "were the great wave of charity to cease for a week it would mean the extinguishing of pauperism"; q. by JORDAN, ibid., 248.—

Vacher de LAPOU74