Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

exempt father from taxes who have ten living children, partial exemptions to the one with five children. Suggested also by HALLEY (1656-1642). 305 It was said that the globe is now well populated, and celibacy does not compromise the preservation of the race. Cf. Raoul DES PRESLES (1514-1583). Somnium Viridarii. The same thought also expressed by R. CUMBERLAND (1631-1718): De legibus naturae (1672) vi: 9—BURTON, 1. c. (3, II, 5, 3): "live a single man, marry not. When you marry, what a slavery it is". CAMPANELLA thought that celibates and bachelors make the best diplomá é. Cf. ZOUCHER R. 1650: luris et iudiciifecialis, etc. Oxford. 306 Usually the suggestion of those who proposed awards for fertile families. Thus, e. g., Josiah TUCKER (1713-1799). 307 HARRINGTON, 1. c. footnote 304. A husband who has been married three years, or is above 25 years and is childless shall pay double taxes. 308 In mid-XVII ct. France the number of celibates was between 180 0C0 and 270 000. In the 1789, there were 500 000 French celibates. 309 BARBER, 1. c. "The town of Eastham, Massachusetts, issued the following order in 1695: Every unmarried man in the township shall kill six blackbirds, or three crows while he remains single; as a penalty for not doing it, shall not be married until he obey this order."

—In 1758, the assembly of Maryland resolved that unmarried men over 25 years of age as well as childless widowers of the same age who had at least 100 t, should pay 5 shillings annually as taxes for the support of foundlings whose number increased. 310 Celibates could not hold offices in Spain, in Hannover, etc. 311 Cf., e. g., RABELAIS's Thelema. 312 Thomas MORE: "Eutopia

" (1516), its full title: "De optimo reipublicae statu deque nova insula Utopia.'''' More's sources were not only PLATO, but also the contemporary travel descriptions to America. Cf. also NELSON W. 1968: Twentieth century interpretations of Utopia (Englewood). MORE advocates 1.) limitation of large families by giving away children; 2.) selfeuthanasia when approved by State an Church; 3.) premarital naked exhibit of mates; 4.) sending the worst sort of people to the battlefield and to do any rough work; 5.) fifth column activities; 6.) aggression on neighbors when more living space is needed. MACK E, J. D. (Cf. NELSON, 1. c., 110) holds that MORE'S planned state strangerly resembles the Reich of HITLER. 313 CAMPANELLA (1568-1639): The City of Sun (Citta di Sole, 1620.) He put great stress upon the breeding of human beings, and provided a Ministry of Love to this end. The minister MOR has many male and female officers, especially a scholarly physician who is the "magister generationis

,'

> They seek out the pairs, match their organs, bring them together at a lucky hour advised by the astrologist. 314 F. BACON: Nova Atlantis:

—in the Adam and Eve pools the naked bathers can be inspected before marriage. 315 Many others described utopistic states, such as 1.) D. VAIRASSE (1677): Histoire des Sevarambes; about sun worshippers of 6-7 ft height, with obligatory marriages, monogamy with wife exchange; 2.) Gabriel FOIGNY (1676): Aventures de Jacques Dadeur, about a hermaphroditic race; 3.) an anonymous German work on "Ophir^ (Lpz., 1699); 4.) SCHNABEL (1731ca,) describes a paradise in his "

Felsenburg

" in which finally only a German Adam and Eve remain to establish a castelles generation; 5.) L. S. MERCIER (1740-1814): Van 2440 (Lond., 1772); 6.) F. FÉNÉLON (1651-1715): Télémaque; the author was tutor of Louis XIV, advocated youthful marriage, rejected celibacy, stressed eugenic selection, colonization, naturalization of foreigners; 7 J the Basiliade (1753) and the Code de la Naturel l¦s) of MORELLY; he speaks a full and mad communism, with sexual libertinism, brother-sister marriage. (Cf. SCHLARAFFIA politico, 1. c., p. 308. (Amst., 1967.) Note 72); 8.) Chr. M. WIELAND (1772): Der goldene Spiegel; describes a communistic society which establishes new colonies as the population increases; 9.) J. J. W. HEIŅSE (1787): Ardinghello

; communistic state upon the model of Lycurgos, Plato, Aristotle, and Machiavelli, with community of women, and state ownership of children. 316 SCHLARAFFIA politica (1967): Geschichte der Dichtungen vom besten Staate. Amsterdam.

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In the statutes of HENRY VIII many regulations remind us of Utopia (care of the working class, regulation of wages and food prices.) 317 In the xvi. ct., under the influence of MORE, an utopistic state was established by the anabap65