Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)
HO WITT, A. W. : Native tribes of Southeast Australia. Lond., 1904. HUNTINGTON, E. : Civilization and climate. New Haven, 1915. JUNOD, H. A. : Life of a South African tribe. Lond., 1912. KEATING, W. H.: Narrative of an expedition. Phila., 1824. KOLBEN, P. : The present state of the Cape of Good Hope. Lond., 1831. KRASHENINICOFF, H. : The history of Kamchatka. Lond., 1864. LUBBOCK, J.: Prehistoric times. Lond., 1890. LUTTEROTH, H.: Geschichte der Insel Tahiti. Berl., 1843. ORBIGNY A. D.: L'homme Americian. Par., 1837. PATRIDGE, C.: Cross River natives. Lond., 1905. PFEIL, J. Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee. Brunswick, 1899. POLACK, J. S. : Manners and customs of the New Zealenders. Lond., 1840. RATZEL, F. : The history of mankind. Lond., 1896. RICHARDSON, J.: Artie searching expedition. Lond., 1851. SCHOOLCRAFT, H. H. : History, condition, and prospects of the Indian tribes. Phila., 1853. TURNER, G. : Samoa. Lond., 1904. WELD, I. : Travels through North America. Lond., 1899. 10 Reasons given by primitive races for infanticide: I.) to save trouble and privation in time of drought when long distances must be travelled in search for food and water (Aborgines at River Darling; BONNEY, 1884); 2.) they cannot suckle and carry two children together (women at Port Lincoln; WILHELM ); 3.) too many children encumber parents in travelling about for food (Port Darwin; FOELSCHE, 1895); 4.) murdering them as fast as they come along till the eldest are strong enough to walk alone (Abipones; CHARLEVOIX, 1769). 11 Cf. SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (-Quakers), American Friends Service Committee (1970).: Who shall live? Man's control over Birth and Death. N. Y. 10. 12 See FINCH B. E.-GREEN H. (1963): Contraception through the ages. Lond., 46. 13 Cf. FINCH, 1. c., p. 22. 14 Cf. L. C. BRIGGS (1958): The living races of the Sahara. Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum. (Forms No., 2, v.xxiii, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University), 156. 15 The operation was reported by D. M. CARSON ins 1894. With a sharp flint, incision is made either into the urethra immediately before the scrotal sack, or sometimes the urethra is dissected from the glans penis to the scrotum. A piece of bark is placed on the wound to prevent its closure. 16 SUMNER, W. C. (1907). Folkways, N. Y„ 309. 17 The abortive methods are usually effective among agricultural primitive races. Among the Sioux Indians, married females frequently obtain miscarriages with the knowledge and consent of the husband (KEATING, 1824, 394). Abortion is very common in the Crow tribe (HOLDER, 1892, 44). The Pima Indians practiced abortion if conception took place before the previous child had been weaned (lactation 6-7 years) (RUSSEŁ, 1904). Among the Cheyennes, a woman was not supposed to have a second child until the first was 10 years old (BRINNELL, 1902). The „vakasilima" of Fijians (See WRIGHT, J., 1922): American Journal of Obstetrics 4: 202). 18 Abortion was frequently practised also among the Tasmanians (MAN, 1833): On the original inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. (London.) For the Eskimo practice see WELLS-KELLY (1890). 19 See McATEE, W. L. (1936): The Malthusian principle in Nature. Scientific Monthly. 42, 444. With reference to George PAULIŅ (1908), he also mentions that infant cannibalism (="kronism") is known among mollusks, insects (dragonflies, flesh, flies, flour beetles), spiders, fish and salamander. Birds are known to indulge in a variety of practices which have the effect of limiting populations (e. g., abandonment of eggs). Irruptive migration is another safety valve; most of the participants perish in a short time, and thus the breeding population is reduced (hawks, owls, ptarmigans, squirrels, mice, lemmings, termites, ants, moths, butterflies). Selflimitation of population is an universal phenomenon in Nature. 20 Darwin, C. (1871) 1922. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London, 69. 21 CARR-SAUNDERS, A. M. (1922). The Population Problem. Oxford. 22 Ibid., 146. 48
