Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

23 MARSHALL (1873). The Todas (q. by DARWIN, 1. c„ 393). Some time in the 19th century, the Todas, a hill-tribe of India, consisted of 112 males and 84 females of all ages (male/female ratio 133.3:100). They were polyandrous in their marriages; in former times, they invariably practiced female infanticide. 24 BOAS (1884): Annual Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 6th report. Near the Beĥring Straits, even girls of 4-6 years of age were at times killed (NELSON, 1896; q. by CARR-SAUNDERS, 1. c. 146. etc.). 25 SUMNER (1907): 1. c. in footnote 16. 26 HOWITT, A. W. (1904): Native tribes in Southeast Auastralia. Lond. 27 HOWITT, A. W. (1904): 1. c. 28 NANSEN, F. (1893): Eskimo life. Lond. 29 COLLINS. Act. of New S. Wales, Append. 607; q. by MALTHUS. If the mother of a sucking infant died, the helpless baby was buried alive in the same grave with its mother. The father himself placed the living child on the body of his dead wife, threw a large stone upon it, and the grave was instantly filled by the other natives. 30 TEN KATE: Rev. ethnol., 4; q. by CARR-SAUNDERS (1922). See also WAITZ T. (18591872): Anthropologie der Naturvölker, vol. 2. 124. etc., where he reports on African customs of killing abnormal children and twins. In Bonny and in a village of Benin, twins and mother are sacrificed. Among the Ibos, they are exposed, and the mother ostracized. See also GILL F. S. (1785): Nachrichten vom Lande Guiana, p. 353, Hamburg. The Indians of Orinoco kill twins because only "animals, dogs deliver puppies", not people. They also think that twins are a sign of unfaithfulness of the wife. 31 LUTTEROTH, H. (1843): Geschichte der Insel Tahiti, Berlin — The custom was also known to MALTHUS who remarked that these societies greatly prevented the increase of the superior classes of people of which they were composed (See his An Essay on the Principle of Population, repr. of the 7th ed., vol. /. 48). 32 See HOWITT in footnote 26. 33 PUFENDORF, S. (1688) 1934: De jure naturae et gentium, Oxf. 918. The custom was also described by HARRIS (1744) in his Collection of Voyages (2. v., 1744) in v. I. 794, and quoted by MALTHUS (I.e., 56). 34 FENTON (1859): Aboriginal Inhabitants of New Zealand (Government report); q. by DARWIN 1. c.. 394). FENTON was told that this custom stopped around 1835. 35 Cf. The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell. London, Hakluyt Soc., 1901, 32; 84. 36 AZARA F. (1809): Voyages dans VAmérique méridiona¡e (1781-1801), Paris. See vol. 2. 115. 37 SOUTHEY, R. (1819): History of Brazil, vol. 3. 385. London. 38 CODRINGTON, R. H. (1891): The Melanesians. Oxford. If the newborn was not promising in appearance, or was likely to be troublesome, it was made away with. 39 TURNER G. (1904): Samoa, London. 40 For selling children into slavery, see also Exodus XXI

: 7. 41 ROBERTSON (1780): See also CARR-SAUNDRES, 1. c., 169 etc. This was the custom of the Apaches, Mohaves, Navajos, and Zuni Indians.

—See also ELLIS (1838): History of Madagascar, London. According to KRASHENINICOFF, theSamoyeds also destroyed their deformed children. 42 Ibidem. —See also article "Infanticide" in Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, (1931), vol. VIII. (1932), 27. Also article "Foeticide" in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (1915) N. Y., vol. VI. 54. See also article "Infanticidio" in Encyclopaedia Italiana (1933) vol. XIX. 187. 43 EVANS, B. (1946): The natural history of nonsense, p. 119, New York. Se also CARR-SAUNDERS, 1. c. 137. Lactation is always prolonged among hunting and finishing races. NANSEN mentions that some Greenland mothers give suck until the child is of ten. See also MAN (1. c. in footnote 18.) telling about the Andaman Islanders who never wean their babies so long as they are able to suckle them. Continued lactation inhibits to some extent heat in animals, and menstruation in women. 44 CARR-SAUNDERS, 1. c„ 154. 45 ROTH, 1890. 46 THEAŁ, 1912. 47 TURNER, L. M. (1899): Ethnology of the Ungava District. In: Annual Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 11th report. 49