J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)

M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine

M. Vida : State-Mo dels (Utopias)

. 31 in life of a community stop individual development. Conversely, Fourier was looking for the device which can save mankind from poverty, misery, oppression and boredom. This device

—after Newton

—is the law of gravitation of human inclination "adapting to all human activities and works and this has been proved of associations brought about by the union into homogenous series."

6

8 According to Fourier the happiness of the mankind will finally arrive after realizing the phalanstery system which will be stabilized all over the world. The phalansteries are organized communities on a cooperative base, their aim is to destroy the existing society.

6

9 In practice this phalanstery is an organized community with 300 families, a coexistance of voluntary association of 1800 persons all together. The phalanstery itself is one mile-square area suitable for different lines of cultivation. The members are share-holders and without shares according as they had lands brought with themselves. He took a stand on maintaining differences in property, because in his point of view man was against equality in every respect. Work done in phalanstery is the base of society, which "produces the physical balance needed for health."

7

0 Health is necessarily damaged if man is compelled to spend 12 hours daily with the same job, which does not exercise the different parts of body and mind in due measure. For preventing occupational diseases by all means sanitary regulations are needed. "The sanitary regulations prescribe permanent variousness in work for the body and for the mind as well

; because this is the only way to maintain the balance and activity for man"

1

1 By the task of organizing productive work Fourier came to the perception of the importance of organized public health. In fact he was the first, who emphasized the social significance of public health organized by the state. The main task of this control is to regulate variousness well in both of physical and mental inclination. Saint-Simon and the view of mechanical materialism explained the reason of human activity and behaviour from a material base and from the biologicalpsychological attitude of men. On the contrary Fourier, the anthropologicalpsychological motive power of his social philosophy formulated in a "passiontheory". By examining passions he followed the line of Descartes and Spinoza and the French materialists. Similarly to the French materialism, he thought that society developed by the complicated and contraversial game as well as by its connection and mutual effect of passions. However, their ways parted in the interpretation of origin and nature of passions. According to Fourier, passions are innate with us, they are unchangable properties in every man and they develop in good or wrong direction depending on quality of social order. He devided human passions into three centres of gravitation, the first "luxisme" is an instinct satisfying in the five base senses, of which permanent and complete living out secures health. The second main instinct is "grouppisme" 6

8 Bebel op. cit. 46 p. 6

9 Phalanx: A formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears developed by Philip II of Macedonia and used by Alexander the Great. 7

0 Bebel op. cit. 108 p. 7

1 Bebel ib.