J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)
M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine
22 Medical History in Hungary 1972 (Comm. Hist. Artis Med . Suppl. 6.) is definitely progressive. The departments under the control of Wisdom, apart from the above mentioned sphere concerne the fields of public education and sociology of medicine as well. The third department of management, Love, handles the affairs of public education and sociology of medicine under state control, because its official duty to organize medical treatment, race preservation and education of children. These above mentioned departments show the importance of natural sciences, which begun to develop at the beginning of the 17th century and also illustrate their specialization. In Utopia, medicine was taken into consideration mainly because of social policy, but it is an indispensable basic science in the "State of Sun". 2 8 The city-walls of "Sun-town" are decorated with different paintings and several things illustrating sciences for teaching the whole community general elements. There are mathematical symbols and numbers on the first circle, and directly on the second there are large jars filled with centuries old medicinal drugs. Phytology is showed on the next circle and "legend explains their place of origin , nature and usage in medical treatment." 2 9 In the "State of Sun", besides physicians, the anatomist is chosen for a special role, he is the leader of anatomy, which is a self-contained discipline. The importance of anatomy increased from the middle of the 10th century, when the revolutionary anatomic work of Vesalius appeared (1543). Campanella was a distinct polyhistor of his age, who published medical and natural scientific books. The former was often used by the physicians of his age. 3 0 The third department of management controls activity concerning public health and medicine, i.e., medical treatment, race preservation and education of children. Different drugs as rhubarb, decoction of roots, purgatives were used for therapy. These above mentioned cures show the two points of view of that period: one is the exact mediaeval aspect, the other the effect of empiric medical practice. In Campanella's work the first one is rather dominating, because the inhabitants of "The City of the Sun" believe in the curative force of stars, they cure "falling sickness" with supplication and odours. It could not be regarded scientific either that hot fever was treated with cold water. For preserving health and beauty, physical culture and nourishment have great importance. Young people start gymnastics, spring-race and discus throwing at an early age. Intellectual education begins relatively early as well: at the age of three children are taught the alphabet, at seven they learn natural sciences and parale l with regular physical training, they study medicine, mathematic and other subjects. Thus medicine was placed in the frame of general education. All the vegetative physiological functions should proceed 2 8 Campanella, T.: Napállam (The City of the Sun.) Translated on the base of a Casatense-codex by Lányi, M. Bp. 1942. 34 p.; ib. Civitas Solis, vel de Republicae idea, dialógus poeticus. 1620. — Year of publication and the original title. One part is published. Philosophia Realis, 1620-1623. Frankfurt. 2 9 Campanella op. cit. 35 p. 3 0 Campanella, T. : Medicialiutn ... Leyđeñ, 1635. ib. De Sensu rerum Magia. Frankfurt, 1620.
