J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)
M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine
M. Vida : State-Mo dels (Utopias). 21 under permanent supervision. Diatetic controls are different for the elders and for sick persons and for children. Physicians decide dressing, even bathing may carry out according to medical prescription. "Nourishment takes place in three day periods : on the first day meats, on the second fish and on the third vegetables have to be consumed." Beside wine, they restrain of taking any drinks and according to the prescriptions they eat the most nourishing foods of every season. 3 1 In the issue on begetting Campanella has a similar opinion to those of Thomas More, the only difference is in the forms. In "Utopia" the persons to be married look at each other naked to ascertain that neither of them has some hidden physical abnormality, because adultery was punished very strictly. In the "City of the Sun" marriage is not decided by the young people concerned but by a supervisor accredited for this purpose. "Men and women taking part in tournaments similarly to ancient Greeks are naked. Tall and attractive women are paired with tall, masculine men, fat women with thin men, and slim women with copulant men are paired to ensure more perfect descendants from their union." 32 Even the time of their sexual union is determined by physicians and astronomers. Although family relationship is significantly weakened in Thomas More's work, the family takes an important place in education. Until the age of five the mother brings up the young citizens of "Utopia" though there are common nurseries. Reaching the age of compulsory education, the social educational establishment becomes the main factor for the formation of children, although the family always remains in the backround. Campanella on the other hand definitely rejects the family way of life. As all manifestation of life, education is also subordinated to the control of the whole community. Mothers take care of their children only until the age of two merely physically, then education continues in state-run institutes by expert supervisors. 3 3 According to him sexual intercourse serves only race preservation, marriage could be formed between predicted men and women, although he allowes free love. More believes in monogamy, Campanella is a propagandist of far reaching life in community, the community of woman and child. He followed Plato's suggestion for controlling sexual relationship and for race preservation organized by the state. 3 4 These two outlined grands of the early Utopias dealt with the structure of society, basically Thomas More created a democratic republic, while a despitic community was described by Campanella. At the same time production relations were ignored or imagined in a very simple way. Beside contemplating the justice of society, rational and humanly social structure both of them neglected substantial relations. At the dawn of capitalism the type of state-theory is the Utopia of productive forces . From the fast development of the productive forces by capitalism, the 3 1 Campanella op. cit. 61 p. 3 2 Campanella op. cit. 46 p. 3 3 Pataki op. cit. 32—33 pp. detailed examination 3 4 Cános- Kovács op. cit. 202 p.
