Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 66-68. (Budapest, 1973)
TANULMÁNYOK - Regöly-Mérei Gyula: A középkori és régi magyar egyetemek, különös tekintettel a budapesti orvosi kar jelentőségére a tudománytörténetben (angol nyelven)
reaction of the organism, and the relieve of fever is not, as it was believed, harmful but a necessary requirement. In settling this problem the Budapest internal school (Frigyes Korányi, later Ernő Jendrassik) played an important role. Korányi's studies dealing with the artery murmurs of heart troubles (1868) and the relative insufficiency (1888) are of lasting value. In 1887 he gave a description of the paravertebral dulness in the cases of pleuritis which was recognized by Grocco (1904) and Rauchfuss (1905) quite independently and therefore it is called Korányi-Rauchfuss-Grocco triangle. Bertalan Stiller (1837-1922) is one of the early investigators of the constitution theory. The pathological and clinical interpretation of habitus asthenicus described by him has not lost its importance even in our days (Die asthenische Konstitutionskrankheit, 1907). Already at the beginning of the century he had expounded his view that the mountain air, poor in oxygen, has a health-giving quality in the case of hyperthyreosis. The accomplishments of Sándor (Alexander) Korányi's (1866-1944) scientific work reach by far beyond the bounds of the Hungarian medical science and are of fundamental character from the viewpoint of universal medicine too, for they have resulted in consolidating functional pathology and in the conceptually as well as methodically reliable possibility of sufficiency and insufficiency of the functions. Korányi began his kidney investigations in 1896 and he soon established that the morphological picture and the urine alone were not sufficient, knowledge of the function of the kidney was indispensable. At that time the exact examination of the kidney function had been unknown. For this purpose Korányi found cryoscopy suitable (Zur diagnostischen Verwertung des Blutgefrierpunktes, Berl. klin. Wschr., 1901). Together with G. G. Richter he wrote a book (Physikalische Chemie und Medizin, I-IL, 1907-08), by which he established the methods of physical chemistry in the field of medical research and clinical practice. He finds out that the diseased kidney can compensate by means of polyuria, but in the case of decompensation which may be of cardial, renal or cardiorenal character the state of renal insufficiency develops.This fact was first defined by Sándor (Alexander) Korányi according to Volhard, Strauss and others. According to Korányi's definition bad renal function is due to hyposthenuria, in which case the freezing-point decrease of the blood and the urine come nearer each other, while in the case of asthenuria (later called isosthenuria by Volhard) the secretion of the kidney becomes so low, that the freezing-point decrease of the blood and urine is completely the same. Though the clinically simpler gravimetric method has ousted cryoscopy, Lichtwitz is justified to state: "Der Wasserversuch ist zuerst von Korányi, dem Vater der modernen Nierenfunktionsprüfung angewandt worden" (Die Pathologie der Nierenkrankheiten, 1921). In his book summarizing his kidney investigations (Funktionelle Pathologie und Therapie der Nierenkrankheiten, 1929) Korányi distinguishes two forms of renal insufficiency: the relative insufficiency of polychloruria, where especially the excretion of achlorides, and the relative oligochloruria, where the excretion chlorides is disturbed. He draws a dividing line between real uremia with azotemia (according to Volhard* s nomenclature
