Szirácsik Éva: Gazdálkodás a Koháryak Nógrád vármegyei központú birtokain (1647-1731) - Mezőgazdaságtörténeti tanulmányok 13. (Budapest, 2017)
Irodalomjegyzék
unit. The volume examines the economy of the Koháry estates centred in Nógrád County in a manner that also points out the differences between the three different estate types. A central part of the discussion is dedicated to the population and farming of the Koháry estates in Nógrád County. The period can be characterised by both immigration to and emigration from the estates. Based on the urbarial records of 1716 and 1718 it was possible to examine the differences between immigrants and local farmers in terms of economic potential, the farms in terms of the legal status of farmers, family farms, the fate of soldiers serving in border fortresses and their descendants, the economic role of market towns as well as manorial revenues. The three types of estates owned by the Kohárys in Nógrád County not only included peasant farms but also demesne manors, with arable land, meadows and pastures, demesne vineyards and orchards under cultivation and livestock breeding. Demesne forests were also utilised, but sources do not report of water use on such estates. Manufacturing on the Koháry estates was not diversified or large-volume. The manufacturing activity of the estates’ population was concentrated in the market towns. Such activities on demesne estates were very limited; sources only refer to breweries, distilleries, butchers shops and mills. The Kohárys leased most of their workshops, including mills, butcher’s shops and one brewery. Investment seems to have been minimal as well. The family did not employ artisans, but they purchased their products and paid for handicraft work. Trade associated with the Koháry estates was very limited, and this was particularly true with regard to sales. The Nógrád County fairs were not as busy as opposed to those in Gyöngyös, which was lost for the Koháry family when the pledge was redeemed in 1724. In the period under scrutiny there were no merchants living on their estates. The family farmed the customs for the payment of a larger sum. The inns produced a significant income. The economy, both financial and in kind, of the Koháry estates in Nógrád County and the manorial revenues can be examined on the basis of accounts from between 1720 and 1731. Of the three types of estates the most significant income in kind was received by Chief Justice István II Koháry, but according to the in-kind accounts the common family estate had fairly meagre revenues even compared to the ones received by András Koháry; it was mostly based on grains and beverages. Revenues in kind were rarely sold. Especially in the case of grains and hay it transpires markedly that neither the maintenance of the manor nor the in-kind income used for demesne purposes was significant, therefore a considerable surplus could be saved for next year. The economy of these estates was clearly governed by stockpiling. The result was that for these estates the financial obligations of the manorial population and the financial redemption of obligations in kind were more important than the collection of obligations in kind. On the private estate of István II Koháry most of the monetary income originated from serf obligations, the revenues from demesnes and rents were only secondary. On the private estate of András Koháry until 1731 and on the family estates the situation was exactly the opposite, where due to the significant revenues from inns, the landowner’s private income exceeded the revenues from serfs and rents. The greatest annual income however can be demonstrated on the Chief Justice’s estate, which can be explained by the obviously larger land area and the higher number of serfs. Following the death of the Chief Justice in 1731 the estates of his heir, András Koháry, also witnessed an increase in the importance of the revenues from serfs. 316
