Estók János (szerk.): A Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum Közleményei 2008-2010 (Budapest, 2010)

Csoma Zsigmond: A mustnyerés és -feldolgozás eszközei a magyarországi szőlő-borágazatban

wine were handled. In most cases the wine was racked with the use of copper and wood pumps and rectangular funnels called ‘tőtike’.

During the time of fermentation without air in the barrels the bung hole was barely covered in order to allow carbon-dioxide to pass. Expert literature suggested the use of grape leaf, tile, or a flat stone to be put on the bung hole. Generally in peasant wine cellars a grape leaf or a corn-cob was used. In the 1830's, due to Western European influence, the hydraulic valve was used, which was made of tile, glass, or zinc.

The historical and ethnographical examination of utensils, tools and machines of the grape and wine growing show historical-ethnographical and territorial divisions. All this indicates the use of different tools in different regions revealing the difference in technology and workmanship.

Historical differences and characteristics apply to tools of basic and age-long technologies. After the 18th century, following hundreds of years of innovation, first in Western Europe, then slowly in Central Europe, mechanization resulted in the production of machines and mechanisms to make work easier. By the middle of the 19th century these machines were produced in great number in Hungary. This process began and progressed in the innovative regions from west to east and from north to south upon the initiative of the German (Saxon) regions.

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