Havassy Péter - Selmeczi László szerk.: Régészeti kutatások az M0 autópálya nyomvonalán 1. (BTM műhely 5/I. kötet Budapest, 1992)

ENDRŐDl ANNA: A korabronzkori Harangedény kultúra telepe és temetője Szigetszentmiklós határában

The settlement and cemetery of the Bell-Beaker Culture in the district of Szigetszentmiklós ANNA ENDRÖDI There was a rescue excavation in 1988 and 1989 on the Csepel island, 3 km off the administrative border of Budapest, 100 m off the bank of the Soroksár-branch of the Danube, on the trace of motorway MO. It is the southern trace-section around Budapest. The archeological site - further on SZJGETSZETiTMlKL(^-ÜLyJLÓSOR - is situated on a wide elevation in the Danube flood. Refuse pits, houses, graves were revealed within the excavated area. They belong to the Middle Copper Age Ludanice Culture, Late Aneolithic Kostolac Culture, Early Bronze Age Bell-Beaker Culture, Celtic Period and Medieval Arpádian Age (Fig. 1., 2.). According to the sherds occuring on the surface, the extension of the site must have been about 2530 000 m

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, it was a large, long-lived place. The excavated area was 2500 m

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'. In Szigetszentmiklós-üdülősor 150 archaeological features of the early bronze age Bell-Beaker culture were revealed - they were refuse pits, a timber-framed house and 15 graves (Fig. 3.). The features of the early bronze age settlement represent five categories: (Fig. 4-9.). 1. Refuse pits with cylindrical wall and flat bottom (e.g.: pit 2., 19., 24., 25., 167., 170., 81., 82.), store pit Mo. 120. 2. Refuse pits if beehive shape (e.g. pit 66., 103., 164., 181.). 3. Pit-complexes, pits dug into each-other (No. 170174-175, 212-213-214, they were refuse pits., in pits 188-196-198 there were a few finds, they were clay-pits). 4. A rectangular pit, plastered in several layers - it was a sacrifical or offering pit (No. 100.). 5. Hearth. No. 232 is a part of the plastered disc of an open fireplace. On the eastern edge of the early bronze age settlement, close to the Danube, a boat-shaped, 16m long, 6 m wide house was found with post-hole construction. According to the excavated 51 post holes the house could be reconstructed (Fig. 10-13 ). Its orientation was NW-SE, the entrance was indicated by the lack of a post hole on the southern part. The post holes were 20-45 cm in diameter, their depths were between 8-49 cm. The post holes were in a symmetrical order at equal distance (120-140 cm) on both of the southern and northern sides, but at the eastern apse the distance of the post holes was changing and more dense. The western closure of the house was linear (a little bit concave) supported by three timbers. The post holes of the gabled roof were situated in the longitudinal axis of the house. The ground-space was about 90 m , convenient for 30-40 persons. Apart from the Celtic refuse pits, only features of the Bell-Beaker Culture were found. Some early bronze age sherds are known from the excavation, but no hearths were found here (Fig. 72. 1-8.). The store pit No. 120, containing a pot and dish, and the offering pit No. 100 were inside the house, nearby the entrance. The Szigetszentmiklós house with apse has no parallel in the eastern group of the Bell-Beaker Culture, but its southern origin and relation to the Aegean neolithic architecture is possible (Karanovo level VII., bu60 ildings with apse at Vucedol). No other houses or building structures were found on the early bronze age settlement. Semi-subterranean houses or houses built on the surface are supposed. This boat-shaped timber-framed, gabled-roof, wattle-and-daub house refers to its special function. It may have been a „public house", „the house of the community" on the early bronze age settlement. There was a rectangular pit (140x140 cm, depth: -85 cm) of extraordinary form and function inside the house, close to the entrance (Fig. 6. 14.). This pit (No. 100) was an offering pit, its walls were plastered. A clay-plastering in three layers could be observed in the pit with animal bones and finds of the Bell-Beaker Culture between each layer. On the very bottom of the pit there was a small cup with ribbon handle (Fig. 54.). Two sacrifical pits are known from the settlement of the Bell-Beaker Culture in Hollandi street, but their walls were cylindrical and their bottoms were flat. In one of the pits a clay plastering in two layers and traces of fire were observed.

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