Havassy Péter - Selmeczi László szerk.: Régészeti kutatások az M0 autópálya nyomvonalán 1. (BTM műhely 5/I. kötet Budapest, 1992)
ENDRŐDl ANNA: A korabronzkori Harangedény kultúra telepe és temetője Szigetszentmiklós határában
These offering pits have a connection with the bothros of the Early Helladic Age . Offering crops in pits to the Earth Goddess has been known since the Early Neolithic of the Aegean and South-East Europe. 63 The offering pit from Szigetszentmiklós with its plastered burnt layers and objects (broken vessels) refers to its ritual usage several times. There was a skeleton- and urn-grave on the early bronze age settlement. Farther, 350 m off the settlement a grave-group was excavated with a skeleton grave, 12 urn graves and other type of cremation graves, when the ashes were scattered onto the bottom of the grave. Studying the Bell-Beaker cemeteries in the neighbourhood of Budapest, it was established that urn graves were the most frequent, while skeleton graves occured only in 15 per cent. The origin of the strange skeleton burials (with typical Bell-Beaker grave goods) comes from the Bell-Beaker Culture of Bohemia and Moravia. The cremation rite is the result of local inhe79 ntance . The analogies of the archaeological material, coming from Szigetszentmiklós-Üdülősor settlement and grave group, can be found among the well-known assemblages of the Csepel group of the Bell-Beaker Culture (Csepel-Hollandi street, Csepel-Háros, Békásmegyer, Szigetszentmiklós etc.). The „beakers", these characteristically decorated potteries occur in the same form with the same decoration on the Bell-Beaker settlements and in the cemeteries from South-Germany, Lower Austria through Bohemia and Moravia and Slovakia, to Lower-Silesia and Poland 64 . Some of the finds (Begleitkeramik) are connected with the Makó-Kosihy-Caka and Somogyvár-Vinkovci Cultures, but there are assemblages showing the process of assimilation to the Nagyrév Culture. The classical period of the Bell-Beaker Culture containing real „beakers" (EBA ll/a) comes to an end before the late phase of the Nagyrév Culture. 83 At the end of the EBA ll/a and in the EBA ll/b the assimilation process of the Bell-Beaker Culture to the Nagyrév Culture becomes stronger and stronger. But there is not any sharp caesura, because the assemblages of the early phase of the Nagyrév Culture easily found their ways to the Bell-Beaker settlements 84 . The assemblages of Szigetszentmiklós-üdülősor support this idea. The assemblages dated to the EBA ll/b in the neighbourhood of Budapest (Budatétény, Csepel-Háros etc.) are related to the early phase of the Nagyrév Culture and not to the Bell-Beaker Culture. There is very little tipological relationship with the Bell-Beaker Culture 85 . It means that early Nagyrév finds occur in and nearby Budapest too. There is an interaction between the assimilating Bell-Beaker and early Nagyrév Cultures marking the beginning of the period. The process came to an end at the end of the early Nagyrév Culture. The assemblages of the settlement and cemetery in Szigetszentmiklós-üdülősor prove that the infiltration of the Bell-Beaker Culture is a reality at the end of the EBA l/a (end of Makó phase) 86 , and it must have preceded the development of the Nagyrév Culture in the area nearby Budapest. People of the Bell-Beaker Culture merged into the local inhabitants step by step. This integrating process already began in the EBA Il/a - this period is contemporary with the early phase of the Nagyrév Culture, with Somogyvár-Vinkovci II, Clopice-Veselé, Nyírség and Óbéba-Pitvaros cultures 87 . In the territory and neighbourhood of Budapest the EBA ll/b is called by us early Nagyrév period, showing some Bell-Beaker reminiscensces. It is contemporary with the Leithaprodersdorf (Leitha or Loretto) group 88 , with the early phase of the Nagyrév Culture, the Moravian Aunjetitz ll-lll phases and the Clopice-Veselé II Culture 89 . According to its origin and characteristic features the Bell-Beaker Culture, dated to the EBA ll/a, is considered as an original, special cultural unit - not as the part of the Nagyrév Culture.
