Kőszegi Frigyes: A Dunántúl Története A Későbronzkorban (BTM műhely 1. kötet Budapest, 1988)

Időrendi és történeti áttekintés (The history of Transdanubia during the late bronze age.) Bilingual-bilingvis.

The earlier „Vor-Caka" horizon in southwestern Slovakia is replaced by the developed Caka (Cseke) Culture at this time. Its chief find had been brought to light from the graves of the tumuli of Caka where it represented the end of the BD period and the beginning of HA1,

495 Cremation rite is characteristic of the majority of the observed tumulus graves, generally in the scattered ash form. We still encounter group funeral modes under the tumuli, but the graves under the same tumulus did not necessarily get placed there at the same time. This, however, corresponds perfectly with the system of family burials observed elsewhere. Part of the tumulus graves are still occupied by warriors, this stratum being possibly even stronger at this period than during the first phase. Weapons still represent the most important grave furnishings, the Il/a type swords, curved edged spearheads, midwinged axes. Type D of the daggers appears here first, this is the unique Danube area shape in the series of Peschiera daggers. It is very likely that this is the period when the first defense weapons like shields, helmets, cuirasses, greaves spread in the Carpathian Basin. The finds of the Őaka tumulus graves yielded only the remaining armour and shields, but a fragment of panoply is known from the material of a Transdanubian tumulus grave as well.

496 The pins with wavy or snake stems in the graves primarily are replaced by the fibulae at this time. The tumulus grave burial form is strongest in the Bakony area, however remains of it can be discovered elsewhere in Transdanubia. The combined occurrence of the characteristic weapon finds points to warrior graves in several places in Transdanubia.

497 It can be presumed that the common people used simple graves or built low barrows above their burials, sites which can be hardly or not at all detected today. Several examples of such are known from the different regions of Transdanubia. The settlements of the second horizon of UK show barely any difference from the first phase. The settlement stratum mostly cannot be detected, and the dwelling places with their simple rectangular planned houses and pits of a variety of usage presume the existence of a foundamentally shepherding economy.

498 The extreme density of settlements observed in the Bakony region points to this also, explicable by the frequent change of localities. This period can even show such settlements which presume dwelling for a prolonged period in the same place. The area of Balaton, Keszthely, Győr and southern Transdanubia have such settlements as well. The high, well défendable settlements regularly on hilltops mean a new form in the early Urnfield Culture. These even provided control for certain areas for the population. Although the number of high settlements with artificial fortress is considerable in Transdanubia there are only a few earthworks dated by the finds of authenticated excavations. It is no accident though that these are to be found in areas where the finds of this period are anyway dense. It is to be presumed that the artifical fortifications of earthworks have developed later, although no creditable evidence is available. It is likely that the earthworks of Velem is more intensively populated from this period on and it is closely related to the developing of the Late Bronze Age metal industry in Transdanubia. The previous late Tumulus - early UK phase had no significant bronze industry in Transdanubia. The warriors of the shepherding tribes living here obtained their utilitarian objects, weapons, and jewelry by exchange trade or other way. The variegated style marks, to be observed on these, are evidence to an econo-political correspondence of a widespread area. It seems that this picture during the second phase. This is the time of the formation of the Kurd type bronze metallurgy surpassing all preceding ones, with one of its not even so important workshops at Velem at that point. Some of the objects of the treasure finds getting underground somewhat later were made at this time. Several treasure finds got underground at such settlements or earthworks in the area where the typical pottery types of the second phase can also be found although we meet the typical Kurd bronzes among the grave finds and settlement remains of the period also. The majority of the graves of the Csórva cemetery can be dated to the second phase of the UK; the appearance of certain unique Urnfield types within the cemetery can be dated to this period. It is likely that Csórva was one of the common public cemeteries of the period, the finds of the graves reflect the colourful ethnic representations of the Carpathian Basin. Presumably the Csórva cemetery and the circle of related finds played a role in the ethnogenesis of the east European Urnfield, namely the Gáva Culture.

499 The find groups of the second phase of the Urnfield Culture are contemporary with the southwestern Slovakian (5aka Culture, the circle of the warrior graves of Burgenland, the groups of north Austrian Baierdorf and the south Moravian Lednice and the Zagreb-Vrapce type finds of the north Croatian second phase. In eastern Hungary the events, following the destruction of the Piliny settlements directly, the development of the Kyjatice and Gáva Culture, partially the 2/a and 2/b periods (Kemenczei) correspond with our finds. This means roughly the end of the BD and the HA1 period

, expressed in absolute chronology, the 12th century B. C.

500 The third phase of the Urnfield Culture can be defined in a single area with certainty, in the northeastern corner of Transdanubia and in the joining Danube bank region, roughly in the area, where later the people of the Vál Culture lived as well. This means at the same time that elsewhere in Transdanubia the material of this period can scarcely be separated so clearly from the previous one which mainly means pottery. Generally there is a closer correspondence between the finds of the second and third phase than there is between the first and the second. This is more evidenced in the case of the south Transdanubian find groups, since the material of the two latter phases seems to be like and almost inseparable wholesome unit.