Budapest Régiségei 36. (2002) – In memoriam Rózsa Kalicz-Schreiber (1929-2001)

Endrődi Anna: New data on the late copper age and early bronze age settlement history of Budapest – Csepel Island = Újabb adatok Budapest Csepel-sziget késő rézkori és kora bronzkori településtörténetéhez 115-129

ANNA ENDRÖDI road, 23 urn graves, a heavily disturbed inhumation grave with a crouched skeleton and 2 graves with scattered ashes were unearthed in the area of Csepel-vízmű. Besides, traces of three more graves were noted, which were disturbed so strongly that the burial rite could not be determined.

45 The grave with the crouched skeleton at the site Budapest, Csepel - II. Rákóczi Ferenc road is a characteristic burial of the Bell Beaker group. Similar graves and urn graves without Bell Beakers are usually arranged in grave groups,

46 and can be found, following the distribution of the settlements, outside the Csepel Island near the Danube bank as well. (Fig. 6. 1-3, Fig. 7. 1-4.) Inhumation grave with crouched skeleton (Fig. 4., Fig. 5. 1). It appeared as a N-S oriented oval discolouration. Twenty cm deeper an oblong - shaped darker discolouration indicated the grave. The grave shaft was 180 cm long, the discolouration at the appearance measured 130 cm. The width of the grave was 100 cm, its depth 50 cm. It was intersected by the gas pipe and a Celtic ditch in the north, which destroyed the skull. The skeleton was laid on the left side in a strongly crouched position. Finds and analogies: 1. Ornamented bone amulet at the shoulder. Arched, crescent-shaped, perforated in the centre. The terminals are rounded, the ornament was incised. L: 13. 3 cm, w: 1. 2 cm (Fig. 4. 1). A single analogous find has been published from Hungary from a grave of the Békásmegyer cemetery

47 Several types of the crescent-shaped bone amulets of the Bell Beaker Culture are known. Items analogous to our one were found with men buried in crouched position in the territory of the Bell-beaker populational groups in Burgenland (Deutschkreutz),

48 Bohemia and Little Poland.

49 They are, accordingly of certainly western origin. We agree with the opinion that the crescent-shaped bone amulets of the Bell Beaker population may have been the antecedents of the crescent-shaped and "winged" pendants of the Nagyrév, Hatvan, Nyírség and Perjámos Cultures made first from bone then from bronze,

50 although their appearance is dated to an earlier period, phase II of the Early Bronze Age. 2. Stone tool - a retouched blade. At the shoulder. 3. 5 * 2 cm (Fig. 4. 2). 3. A convex wrist plate at the right upper arm. It is perforated at the corners and of 10. 8 x 4. 9 cm in size (Fig. 4. 3). It usually occurs as a grave good in inhumation burials with crouched skeletons and in graves with scattered ashes. Similar ones are known from burials at Békásmegyer, Csepel. Tököl, Szigetszentmiklós - trench of 45 ENDRŐDI-HORVÁTH 2001. 46 SCHREIBER 1973.16. 47 KALICZ-SCHREIBER 1984.141; Fig. 40.1. 48 OHRENBERGER 1956. FIG. 1. 4

' HARRISON 1980. 35; FIG. 45. 50

SZATHMÄRI 1999-2000. 40, 41 the water pipe.

51 A fragmentary item was found in a pit in the settlement at Szigetszentmiklós-Üdülősor as well.

52 It belongs to Sangmeister'

s type "C", which was distributed along the Moldva river, the lower reach of the Elbe (Bohemia) and the middle reach of the Elbe (Germany), and it also occurred in Baden-Württenberg (Rhine region).

53 4. Flat copper dagger with the hilt in the western wall of the grave shaft, 8. 1 x 4 cm in size (Fig. 4. 4). Similar daggers can be found in graves with scattered ashes (Szigetszentmiklós-Vízmű),

54 in urn graves (Békásmegyer)

55 and also in inhumation burials. They appeared in the Bohemian-Moravian region just as well as in the Bell Beaker burials in Little Poland.

56 Two types are known in Hungary: one is longer with a rounded or a pointed tip, the other one is shorter with a smaller pointed tip. Both are tanged. 5. Small bell beaker with roughly executed striped ornament beside Bell Beaker no. 6 (Fig. 4. 5). Rd: 9 cm, bd: 5 cm, h: 7. 2 cm. 6. Bell beaker with striped ornament at the western wall of the grave shaft behind the end of the leg (Fig. 4. 6). The stamped ornament is distributed in zones. The band handle starts from under the rim, on which traces of encrustation can be observed in the stamped ornament. Rd: 9. 8 cm, bd: 5 cm, h: 8. 5 cm. 7. Vessel with four perforations on top of bell-beaker no. 8. There is a horizontal lug handle with two perforations under the rim and there are two more holes in the wall of the vessel under the lug (Fig. 4. 7). Rd: 17 cm, bd: 5 cm, h: 5 cm. The fragment of a similar vessel was found at the settlement of Csepel-Hollandi road, a bowl with two large long oval perforations and holes on the body was uncovered in grave no. 4 of the Szigetszentmiklós- Alsóbucka site and analogous vessels are known from graves in Moravia.

57 It is interesting to note that the bowl at Szigetszentmiklós was placed on the top of the bell beaker that contained the ashes, while the one at Csepel (Rákóczi E road) stood beside the skeleton also on the top of a bell-beaker. We think that this pottery type was used as a kind of a lid and its ritual function was associated with burials. It is possible that bell beaker no. 8 and the fenestrated vessel no. 7 were bound together at the matching holes. 8. Bell beaker with stamped ornament distributed in zones behind the pelvis at the western wall of the grave shaft (Fig. 4. 8). Rd: 12 cm, bd: 6 cm, h: 11 cm. Similar items are known, among others, from graves with scattered ashes at Békásmegyer and from inhumation graves at 51 SCHREIBER 1975. Fig. 14. 9; SCHREIBER 1973. 12; KALICZ-SCHREIBER 1974. Fig. 16. 52 ENDRÖDI 1992. Fig. 76.10. »SANGMEISTER 1974. Fig. 9. 54 Excavation by A. Endrödi 1999, unpublished 55 SCHREIBER 1974. Fig. 18. * HAYEK 1957. Fig. 7. 5; HARRISON 1980. Fig. 45. 8. 57 KALICZ-SCHREIBER 1997. Fig. 5.1. 118