Társadalomtörténeti múdszerek és forrástípusok. Salgótarján, 1986. szeptember 28-30. - Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 1. - Adatok, források és tanulmányok a Nógrád Megyei Levéltárból 15. (Salgótarján, 1987)
Angol nyelvi összefoglalók (English Summaries)
541 III. THE LARGE ESTATE AND ITS INHABITANTS, PEASANT SOCIETY — PEASANT FAMILY KLÁRA PAPP : The society of serfs on 18th century estates of landlords in Bihar county The first modern-type Hungarian census of Joseph II. returned a total of 472 settlements for Bihar county, out of which 206 belonged to private (i.e. non-instituional) landlords, among them 12 " oppida " (country towns without^ a royal charter) making up 80 % of the total, mis type of landholding covers 43,67 % of the total number of settlements of the county, the rest is taken up by the lands of the Royal Chamber and the Catholic Church (the Chapter and Bishoric of Várad, etc.). In this way, a study of the society of serfs may serve to widen our knowledge of the pupulation of the county. Beside the changes in the wake of the expulsion of the Turks (the end of Transsylvanián administration of the county, the change of landlords and rearrangement of the structure of landholding) this area also saw an intensive migration (immigration, but also wandering further on) of the serfs after the wars of liberation. Being bonded (colonus perpetuae obligationis) or having the right to move was not only an important indicator of the personal dependence of the serfs, but the analysis of this factor may contribute — through the service obligations — to the definition of the actual place of serfs in the serf society. This inquiry tries to draw its conclusions from the 1728 census, the documents of the " Urbárium " of Maria Theresia, and of particular estates, occasionally archival sources found in family archives e.g. for the Margittá estate of the Count Csáky and the Kécz estate of the Count Karolyi-families and the possessions of the Baranyi in Micske (such as private censuses of these estates, letters of surety for serfs, etc.). The study of the change of the ratio of serfs (having a holding, "sessio", in feudal tenure) and " inquilini " (those without a sessio, cottagers) in the course of the century may also help to highlight social stratification. On the other hand the interpretations of the notion of " inquilinus ", the shifting use of notions in the sources may also hinder the emergence of a realistic picture from their study. This problem is closely connected to the question of the right of free migration. The " Urbárium " of Maria Theresia is a turning point in this respect as well, its definition of " sessiones " and fractions thereof made it possible for the first time to separate serfs and " inquilini " (cottagers), although the length of actual realization of these dispositions makes for yet another factor of uncertainty. The differentiation of peasant holdings according to their possession of draught animals yields much more reliable data. This differentation may be followed through the county tax-register of 1723, 1735, 1743 1753 and 1763, and the private censuses of the estates. In the course of the century there is a growing number of holdings without draught animals (60-70 %, in 1763) and beside those having two oxen (20-24 % in 1763) or four oxen (8-10 %) even fewer holdings occur with six, eight or more oxen. This is the basis of the possibilities of arable cultivation, or the eventual leasing of the lands of other, deserted settlements. It is especially important to take draught animals into consideration, since in Bihar county up to the Urbárium of Maria Theresia there is no firmly delineated system of individual "sessiones" , the extent of
