Társadalomtörténeti múdszerek és forrástípusok. Salgótarján, 1986. szeptember 28-30. - Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 1. - Adatok, források és tanulmányok a Nógrád Megyei Levéltárból 15. (Salgótarján, 1987)
Angol nyelvi összefoglalók (English Summaries)
542 land use within the communities was pegged to the number of draught animals held by the peasant families. The differentation according to " sessiones " or fractions thereof held by the serfs may be another important aspect of investigation. However, due to the above outlined causes the censuses of 1692 and 1723 are not quite suitable for a realistic evaluation and comparison. The Urbárium means a change in this respect, as well: ratios of sessio-fragments in this survey give — within the limits of this source — quite realistic data. These vary in the different districts, but they still show substantial numbers of holdings of 1/8 sessio (28-40 35) and of 1/4 sessio (31-36 %), as against only 1-2 % of the holdings with — one sessio or above that. It seems that the number of draught animals and the extent of a "sessio" held came to cover the same strata by the time of this survey. There are some peculiar strata of serf society, such as those temporarily or permanently exempted by the landlord (employees of the lord and of ~-1;he community, artisans, merchants) and the widows. The possibilities for planting vineyards and cleaning forest or leasing the lands of deserted villages which meant freer forms of land-use and posession for the serfs and at the same time a means of lackering feudal dependence remained practicable in the course of the century, especially till the Urbárium of Maria Theresia, though to a varying degree on the different estates of the different regions. This factor at the same time modified the stratification according to the possession of draught animals or of a "sessio ". GÁBOR KLANICZAY : The Sociology of the Witchcraft Trials in the Hungarian Market Towns and Villages during the Eighteenth Century Dr. Klaniczay's essay examines the historical anthropology of the witchcraft trials. The new approach of the historical anthropology was successfully used by Alan Macfarlane and Keith Thomas in the study of eighteenth-century England's cases, and Paul Boyer, Stephen Nissenbaum and John Demos in seventeenth-century cases of the witchcraft trials of New England and, especially, Salem. The anthropologists following their approaches to the inquiries and observations of the witchcraft trials among the natural peoples deal with them mainly from the viewpoint of the sociology of accusation. Relying on the testimonies of the witchcraft trials and the comparative analyses of the contemporary records and documents of the market towns and villages, they try to figure out who charged whom and what kind of the personal and social motivations was behind the charge which finally resulted the trials. On the basis of the examined cases, we may venture to point out the social status of the accused persons and the typical situations of the social conflicts which led to this kind of the relief of the tensions in the local communities. The question must be raised whether the stereotypical charges committed by the wicked gammer, mother- in-law, sister-in-law, the suspicious stranger, the jealous neighbour, the quack involved in the felonious machinations, and etc. can be treated as the manifestations of the conflicting interests which directly express "tie societal divisions of the community or as the ritual mechanism of the creation jf the scapegoat which is blamed for the sins of others at the very outset of the trials. The research program about the history of the Hungarian witchcraft trials
