1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

The composition of active earners with manual qualification by the nature of the activity Nature of activity Those with manual qualification Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Those with manual qualification in percentage of the respective occupational group Nature of activity number ( in 1 000) percentage Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Those with manual qualification in percentage of the respective occupational group Nature of activity 1960 1980 1960 1980 Index: 1980 1960=100.0 Those with manual qualification in percentage of the respective occupational group Nature of activity 1960 1980 1960 1980 Index: 1980 1960=100.0 1960 1980 Manual 998 1 658 89.7 83. 1 166. 2 25. 3 47. 1 Nonmanual 114 338 10. 3 16. 9 295. 5 13. 9 21. 8 Total 1 112 1 996 100.0 100. 0 179. 5 23. 5 39.4 In the following we are going to examine - within the frame of the possibilities of statistical measurement - the extent of the utilization of qualification. In 1980 90 percent of the manuals concentrated in 121 out of the observed 246 qualifications. We carried out the congruence analysis examining the harmony between the acquired qualification and the fulfilled manual occupation for these 121 qualifications. We grouped the 121 qualifications to 64 so, thPt we had no regard to specialization. We compared the grouped qualifications and occupations and if they corresponded to each other we considered them "utilized qualification" If they did not correspond, uut the given manual occupation was of the nature of the given qualification group, we considered them "partly utilized qualification", in every other case we considered them as "not utilized qualification". The application of this method - although from 1960 the available data are limited - provided us with the possibility to keep track of the changes occurred in the course of the past two decades. The congruence analysis of the utilization of qualification covered 93 percent of the manual active earners with industrial certificate in 1960, the respective proportion is 86 percent for 1980. Among the manuals with industrial certificate the proportion of those who pursue occupation that correspond to their qualification slightly rose from 61 percent to 65 percent in the past two decades, but the proportions of "partly utilized" and "not utilized" are still fairly high (10 percent and 25 percent respectively). The congruence level that expresses the extent of utilization of trained qualification improved slightly among those with heavy industrial certificate, strongly improved in the food industry, while the change was unfavourable in the light and other industries. Examining the congruence level by qualifications, we find considerable differences. In some qualifications the proportion of those who pursue corresponding occupation changed unfavourably in the course of the past two decades. This holds true first of all for those hard, health damaging, more than one shift occupations in which the provision of the reproduction of labour force also causes a lot of problems. For example in 1960 83 percent of the miners worked in the corresponding occupation, in 1980 only 68 percent of them worked as miners. The problem is similar in the case of the smelters and the miners. Among the metallurgical qualifications the proportion of "not utilized" was highest among the smiths and founders who constitute the majority in the metallurgy branch. In 1980 more than half of the former and two fifths of the later worked in noncorresponding jobs. One fourth of those with smith qualification work as fitter, almost one tenth of the founders work in the other manual occupation group (in general this group do not require any qualification). In contrary to the foregoing, in the machinery industry, in the iron and metal industry, among the mechanics and technicians the effective utilization of qualification improved in general during the past two decades, the level of "partly utilized" also improved. In 1980 among the fitters, toolmakers, turners and motortechnicians the proportion of "utilized" and "partly utilized" was 80-83 percent. Summarizing it can be said, that in the heavy industrial qualifications the leaving of the corresponding occupation is less frequent than in other industrial qualification groups, since manuals with heavy industrial certificate incline more to pursue the corresponding occupation than others, besides the proportion of "partly utilized" (working in similar occupation to the original occupation) is also high among the heavy industrial manuals. This later is also characteristic to the out dated qualifications which do not correspond to the requirements of large scale production and to the altered structure of industry. In 1980 more than one third of the manual active earners with light industrial qualification worked in completely different occupation from that they were trained for. 57 percent of them worked in corresponding occupation and 9 percent of them in similar occupation. The extent of leaving the original occupation was extremely large in the textile industry, where besides the unfavourable working conditions the wages are relatively low. Similarly to the situation twenty years ago, the leaving of original occupation is also extremely high among those with shoemaker qualification. Among those 105