1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

with light industrial qualification the wood industrial and the printing industrial workers utilize most their trained qualification. Among the few observed food industrial qualifications, those with meat industrial and baker qualification utilized more their qualification in 1980 than twenty years earlier, although the proportion of incongruence is still high among them (in 1980 39 percent and 33 percent respectively). This does not mean that the original qualification is not at all utilized, because for example in 1980 18 ^percent of those with meat industrial qualification worked in commerce where they had a chance to use what they were trained for. The congruence analysis covered 91 percent of the manual active earners with qualification for construction both in 1960 and 1980. The result show a considerable improvement in the congruence level since 1960: in 1980 83 percent of those with building industrial qualification worked in jobs corresponding to their qualification, twenty years earlier this proportion was only 7 0 percent. In the case of qualifications for construction besides the growing need for qualified labour, the higher than average wages also meant a motive to stay in the original occupation. As a result of the socialist reorganization of the agriculture and of the restructuring of the whole economy during the past two decades the staff number of agriculture decreased from 1 million 749 thousand to 505 thousand, and at the same time the demand for agricultural qualified people was growing. Since 1960 the training accelerated in certain agricultural occupations in others the training slowened. In 1960 only 7 thousand agricultural manuals had gardener qualification, in 1980 more than 20 thousand had and another 36 thousand had other agricultural qualification. Today the majority of the relatively few agricultural qualified manuals do not work in the trained occupation but do something else (51 percent). The vast majority (56 percent) of the qualified gardeners did not work in their occupation in 1980. The expansion of transportation, the booming internal and external trade meant greater and greater tasks for the transportation network, and a considerable demand for qualified labour. Simultaneously the large scale agriculture demanded more and more qualified transportational workers, tractor and combine-harvester drivers. The extent of the utilization of transportational qualifications improved considerably during the past two decades: the proportion of those who worked elsewhere than the trained the occupation exceeded one third in 1960, but in 1980 this proportion was only 9 percent. The improvement of trade and catering industry came into prominence especially in the past decade. The formation of modern commercial network meant a considerable growth in the demand for qualified workers, and the problems of labour aggravated especially in recent years. This enhance the significance of the fact, that in 1980 one fifth (18 thousand) of the 91 thousand qualified shop assistants worked in other occupations: 6 thousand in different industrial occupations, 8 thousand in material handling, storing, packing occupations which generally do not require any qualification. There is a considerable number - more than 14 thousand of shop assistants are classified semi- or unskilled who despite the qualification prefer lower level jobs with better working and better earning conditions. The utilization of qualification changed favourably in the past two decades among those qualified in the catering industry. In 1960 7 0 percent of the qualified manual workers in catering industry worked in the trained occupation, in 1980 76 percent of the qualified worked in corresponding jobs and another 5 percent in similar jobs. In the four service qualifications the incongruence level was highest among the relatively few chimney sweeper qualified: in 1980 more than two fifths of those with chimney sweeper qualification worked in other jobs like, industrial, building industrial and other manual jobs. Among the service qualifications the cosmeticians utilize most their qualification (in 1980 92 percent of trained cosmeticians worked as cosmetician). The level of the utilization of service qualifications improved considerably since 1960, the proportion of "utilized" rose from 62 percent to 72 percent, but the leaving of the trained occupation is still considerable among them. The extent of utilization of manual qualifications by main qualification groups (percentage) Manual qualification groups 1960 1980 Manual qualification groups utilize partly utilize or not utilize utilize partly utilize not utilize Manufacture 60. 5 39. 5 65. 0 10. 3 24. 7 Construction 70.3 29. 7 82. 6 0. 5 16. 9 Agricultural 56. 3 43. 7 44. 5 4. 6 50. 9 Transportational 65. 5 34. 5 90. 1 0.7 9. 2 Trade and catering industrial 69. 6 30.4 70. 7 9. 9 19.4 Service 62. 2 37. 8 72. 1 106