Szőcs Tibor: A nádori intézmény korai története 1000-1342 - Subsidia ad historiam medii aevi Hungariae inquirendam 5. (Budapest, 2014)
Rövidítések és bibliográfia
302 Szőcs Tibor: A nádori intézmény korai története 1000-1342 voivode of Transylvania) were only temporarily assigned to supervise these royal assemblies, Laws ratified this situation only in 1290. Thus, although in theory, the palatines convoked general assemblies since 1273 on a temporary basis (otherwise only in exceptional cases), a palatinal generalis congregatio that was held on the palatine's own right, emerged only after 1290. The following chapter discusses the relationship between the palatine and the different social and ethnic groups (‘udvarnokok', i.e. people working on royal landed-estates; Pechenegs, Cumans). The palatine in office had a particular jurisdiction over a part of them. The udvorniks/udvarnokok had been subject to the palatine prior to the 13th century. Jurisdiction over the Pechenegs concerned only those Pechenegs of the realm, who received their ethnic privileges from the king, and it vanished only in the second half of the 14th century. Jurisdiction over the Cumans is rather well-known, because the title of the 'judge of the Cumans' (iudex Cumanorum) often appeared together with the title of the palatine from 1270 on, and from the 1330s it constituted a permanent element of the palatinal title. Nevertheless, no palatinal action, concerning the Cumans, is known up until 1342. The activity of the palatine was helped by a diversified official staff; the 8th chapter of the dissertation analyzes this problem in detail. The 'vicepalatine' called usually vicepalatinus in Latin (Hungarian: alnádor) had his seat in Pest, then later in Buda, far from the seat of the palatine in office. He also carried out the duties of the count of Pest, and in his seat he discussed and finished lawsuits on his own right, so when he administered justice, he did not act for the palatine. Thus, the office of the vice-palatine can be considered relatively independent of the palatine's person, although his designation was a palatinal right. Another substitute was the 'palatinal vice-judge', usually called as viceiudex palatini (Hungarian: nádori albírő). The vice-judge always stayed in the entourage of the palatine, and directed his tribunal. Although he could issue charters in his own name, he acted always, in fact, for the palatine, and - unlike the vice-palatine - he never decided in each case in his own right. This dual deputy system existed until the office-holding of John Druget. Since he had his seat in Óbuda, it became meaningless to separate the office of the vice-palatine from Buda and that of the vice-judge. The lower supporting staff was organized in a way that was typical of the era. Initially no permanent chancellors worked beside the palatines; the first permanent subalterns, after some occasional attempts, appeared only at the end of the 13th century. The prothonotary, (Hungarian: protonotárius or ítélőmester) functioning as the head of other notaries, took over the direction of the palatinal office in the absence of the palatine from the 1330s on. A new officer, the palatinal exactor appeared in the sources around the 1320s. The execution of the causes was initially helped by the pristalds (Latin: pristaldus, Hungarian: poroszló), then later by the 'palatinal men'. Separate chapters discuss the ways how the different persons came into office, and the problems of income related to the institution of the palatine. Finally, a short appendix is attached to the dissertation, which contains the critical excerpts of twenty one charters.
