Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 31/1. (2011)
Articles
Textile Structures and Techniques Identified in Neolithic and Copper Age Sites from Romania 33 Fig. 5. Different weft twining techniques. a. Open simple Z twist twining; b. Close simple S twist twining; c. Open diagonal Z twist twining; d. Close diagonal S twist twining (after Adovasio 1977b; Seiler-Baldinger 1991). In Europe, twined fabrics were found as pottery imprints in Neolithic and Copper Age sites in Serbia: Divostin (Adovasio-Maslowski 1988, 345-349, pi. I/a-f) and Selevac (Tringham- Stevanovic 1990, pi. 10.l.a) Bulgaria: Celopecene, Vetren, Górni Bogrov, Yana (Petkov 1965, 53-54, fig. 9-10); Greece: Kephala, Crete (Carington Smith 1977,119-120), Italy: Fimon-Molino Casarotto in Vicenza (Bagolini Et Al. 1973, 186, fig. 21); Lithuania: Sventoji, ca. 3700-2500 BC (Rimkuté 2009, 217), and Nida (Gleba-Nikolova 2009, 8). Textile artefacts generally dating back to the 4th and 3rd millennium BC were found in large amounts in the lake dwellings sites of the Swiss plateau (Altorfer-Médard 2000; Bazzanella Et Al. 2003; Médard 2000; 2010). Later discoveries, dating from the Bronze Age, are the textiles fragments found in Sugokleya, Ukraine, from the Yamnaya culture, around 2500 BC (Gleba-Nikolova 2009) as well as the imprints and textile artefacts identified in several sites in Russia (Shislina 1999). In Romania 22 twined textiles were identified. With one exception (the charred textile bedspread from Sucidava-Celei), all the others were actually textile imprints found on pottery fragments belonging to Starcevo-Cris, Vinca and Turdas cultures, and Foeni group (Fig. 9; Table 1).Three categories of structures were distinguished: 3.1. Open simple twining (Table 1/19); 3.2. Close simple twining (Table 1/11); 3.3. Close diagonal twining (Table 1/ 2, 16, 18, 21, 24-25). 3.4. Besides these, there are two uncertain twined imprints with uncertain structure (Table 1/14,26). 4. Woven textiles Weaving is considered the most advanced textile technique. Its main characteristic is that it allows the automatic shed formation through the use of dedicated equipment. The structures thus created are characterized by interlacing at right angles of a two thread system: the warp - usually passive - and the weft - usually an active continuous thread (Seiler-Baldinger 1994, 71; Médard-Seiler-Baldinger 2010,62). The way the warp and weft interlaces defines the weave or binding structure and this varies depending on the number of warp threads caught or left loose Fig- 6. Tabby or plain weave, by the weft threads (Cioarä 1998, 27-59; Seiler-Baldinger 1994, 87-102; Mazäre 2010, 23-30, fig. 7) The simplest form of interlacing is called tabby or plain weave and it is characterized by passing alternatively the weft thread over and under every single warp thread (Fig. 6).
