Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 31/1. (2011)
Articles
34 P. Mazäre The woven structures can be obtained using different devices which could be found in more or less evolved forms starting from prehistory until present (von Kimakowicz-Winnicki 1910; Vogt 1937; Crowfoot 1954; La Baume 1955; Hoffmann 1964; Taber-Anderson 1975; Hald 1980,148-185,203-239; Collingwood 1982; Alfaro Giner 1984,85-108; Hecht 1989; Alfaro 1990; Barber 1991, 79-121; Broudy 1993; Seiler-Baldinger 1994, 68-86; Evely 2000; Bazzanella Et Al. 2003; Wild-Walton-Rogers 2003; Ciszuk-Hammarlund 2008; Gleba 2008,122-153; Breniquet 2008,33-38,133-194; Chmielewski 2009,159-223; Marian 2009, 30-52; Zaharia 2008, 59-80; Grömer 2010, 97-142). The basic function, common to all, is to tension and separate the warp threads so as to facilitate the insertion of the weft threads. The weaving devices can be classified by morphology and dimension, shed formation and weaving process and also by the type of structure (fabric) they produce. On one hand, large cloths with similar structure can be produced using relatively large devices (e.g. horizontal ground loom (Fig. 7/a); vertical two-beam loom (Fig. 7/d); warp-weighted looms (Fig. 7/b) and backstrap looms or body-tensioned looms (Fig. 7/c).6 When no other archaeological evidences exist to indicate it, it is almost impossible to determine the type of loom used in the weaving process just by analyzing a textile fragment or imprint.7 Fig. 7. Schematic drawings of different types of looms, a. Groud loom; b. Warp-weighted loom (after Ciszuk-Hammarlund 2008); c. Backstrap loom (after Taber-Anderson 1975); d. Pueblo two-beam vertical loom (after Broudy 1993). 6 At different levels, they are the most advanced ancient weaving devices “by the possibility of forming at least two separate sheds by mechanical means”. In A. Seiler-Baldinger’s opinion, this feature defines actually the true full weaving (Seiler-Baldinge 1994,71). 7 Some textile particularities may however indicate the type of loom. For example the textiles woven in warpweighted looms reveal distinct starting borders.
