Marisia - Maros Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve 28. (2006)
Istorie
GENEZÄ URBANÄ MEDIEVALÄ ÍN SPATIUL INTRACARPATIC ROMÄNESC TRAIAN-VALENTIN PONCEA Urban Medieval Genesis in Transylvania (Summary) The emergence and development of the cities are fundamental issues in Romanian mediaeval history, as well as anywhere else in Europe and in the world. The present study is part of vast research work which deals with the issues of the mediaeval city in Transylvanian area, as they were recorded by the histioriography of the XIXth and XXth centuries, everything being approached from a historical -anthropological perspective. Thus, it investigates the (Romanian, Transylvanian Saxon, Hungarian, Western) historians' positions regarding the elements that favoured the beginnings of the urban crystallization and the development of the towns in Transylvanian area *between the Xth and the XVIth centuries), the circumstances which made the emergence of the towns possible ( territory, population, demographic and political factors), the typology of the town settlements: harbour towns, halting place - towns, mining towns set up by royal order and colonized with „guests" from Central and Western Europe, towns set up by clergymen. Other issues dealt with are the historians' position regarding the origin and the age of these towns, the favouring (internal and external), circumstances, as well as the disrupting ones, the population structure (from the ethnic and socio-professional point of view), the problem of the town patricians, the emergence of the trade-commercial structures and the town culture too. 1 1. Continuitate §i discontinuitate urbanä in spatiul intracarpatic. Categoria a§ezärilor urbane este cunoscutä ín spatiul carpato-danubianopontic de mai bine de 2500 de ani. Ea a apärut §i s-а cristalizat pe tármul dobrogean al Pontului Euxin cu §apte secole ínainte de Christos, sub influenta §i cu aportul coloni§tilor greci, dar nu s-а generalizat ín restül spatiului de referintá decät múlt mai tärziu, aici fiind predominante davele, cetátile-ora§e dacice. Ulterior, cucerirea Daciei §i prezenta romanä a impus §i aici, ca de altfel ín íntregul imperiu, ora§ul ca structure urbanä §i viatä cotidianä. ín Dacia romanä, viata urbanä s-а exprimat prin a§ezäri de tip civitas, oppidum, municipium §i colonia, diversitatea formelor reflectänd atát interesül autoritätilor románé pentru noua provincie, cät §i capacitatea societätii locale de adaptare Ia noile structuri. Multe a§ezäri de acest tip s-au constituit pe amplasamentul sau in proximitatea vechilor dave dacice (Napoca, Potaissa, Apulum) ín timp ce altele sunt noi (Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa). In antichitate, factorul economic era definitoriu pentru ora§, Ia care se adäuga rolul säu de centru politic §i religiös. Ora§ul, definit ca centru politicoadministrativ, avea §anse de dezvoltare determinate de capacitatea agricolä §i comercialä a teritoriului säu. In acest sens, sunt edificatoare cazurile Ulpiei Traiana Sarmizegetusa §i Apulum-ului. Ulpia, creatä probabil peste castrul Legiunii III Flavia Felix, avea о incintä, un forum §i о tramä stradalä, amfiteatru, temple etc., fiind capitala politicä §i religioasä a Daciei romane §i controländ totodatä principala zonä metalurgicä a provinciei. Apulum, de§i a fost initial un modest vicus peregrin, datoritä faptului cä a beneficiat de о pozitie favorabilä, 151
