Tudományszervezési Tájékoztató, 1981
1. szám - Bibliográfia
A 20-YEAR COMPLEX PROGRAM FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOVIET UNION In 1979 the elaboration of a 20-year complex program for scientific and technological progress was ordered by a Cabinet-decision in the Soviet Union. The new J program should be incorporated in the overall plans of socio-economic development. The main trends and objectives of scientific and technological progress to meet socio-economic needs are outlined in the individual chapters of the complex program. The program will be elaborated by the Academy of the Soviet Union, the State Committee for Science and Technology etc. The members of the academies of sciences of the individual republics and the researchers of the institutes under ministerial control are obliged to participate in the preparation of the program. DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH PLANNING IN THE USA Pluralism, division of power and considerably weak central coordination are typical of the R+D system in the USA. Although the federal government contributes about half of the support of / 66 billion national R+D expenditures, the federal budget is allocated to at least 31 various government departments and agencies. The formulation of a national research policy and planning was urged even by the Bush Report in 1945. The National Science Foundation, the main function of which is to promote academic basic science, was set up in 1950. Even the Office of Science and Technology Policy within the White House failed to work out an overall concept for national research planning. The 1976 National Science and Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities Act acknowledged the need for long-range planning in science and technology and ordered that annual and five-year prognoses on the state of American science should be made. WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY — STILL MUCH TO BE DONE In the paper the state of women in science and technology is discussed; the socio-economic causes of discrimination by sex are analysed, then it is studied to what extent the employment and scientific career of women are influenced by the number of children, family and other factors. Giving a general outlook the author shows what problems women face in certain countries, what results they have achieved so far, how much the government measures promote their careers and what problems should be solved. In selecting the countries the abundance of available data, the thoroughness of surveys on women and the proper representation of certain countries /i.e. that of developed countries, the social countries and developing ones/ have been the limiting factors. SOME PARAMETERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL IN THE EUROPEAN CMEA COUNTRIES The study provides data on the scientific and technological development in Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR , Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia in the 1970' s . Having analysed the data it concludes that the European CMEA countries had reached the West European level by the late 1960's. During the seventies the rapid growth of the scientific and technological potential of the member countries has been accompanied with the levelling off the differences in scientific, technological and economic development. 143
