Tudományszervezési Tájékoztató, 1981
1. szám - Bibliográfia
IMPACT OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The article tries to draw lessons from the history of science and technology. It studies the trend of science history and that of the sociology of science which emerged in England during the 1930's. To this movement prominent scientists such as Bernai, Haldane , Higben, Crowther belonged. In addition, the most important stages of the development of science and technology from the antiquity to modern times have been reviewed. Useful conclusions can be drawn for today's science politicians and researchers from the historical studies of - scientific creativity, - relations between science and policy, - science organization, - relations between science and practice, - scientists and freedom and - the scientist's personality. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE SCIENCE POLICY During the cultural revolution and after research in China, except defence research, had been stagnant. Since 1975 science has belonged to the four sectors to be modernized . The main organs of science administration are: the State Committee for Science and Technology and the National Association of Science and Technology. Research is carried out, first and foremost, by government agencies and the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Social Sciences and those of the ministries of technology. Scientists are trained at universities where selection is very strict. Since 1978 qualified manpower has been trained abroad as well. Results of Chinese science are good or satisfactory in mathematics, biology, seismology, agronomy, water conservancy and some medical studies /acupuncture, treatment of serious burning lesions/, they are significant in nuclear physics and space research . NIGERIA'S RESEARCH SYSTEM The paper studies the organization and structure of Nigeria's publicly financed research institutes. It gives a detailed analysis of the formal institutional structure, the research structure, research selection system, research output and that of manpower. There are severe shortages of qualified researchers caused partly by the poor career structure, and partly by competition from other social sectors, namely, universities and companies. There is a slack cooperation between the research institutes and the economy, and although the government makes serious efforts to improve the situation, formal institutional and bureaucratic relations hinder the steering of research to social demands. 144
