É. Apor (ed.): David Kaufmann Memorial Volume: Papers Presented at the David Kaufmann Memorial Conference, November 29, 1999, Budapest.

DAVID, Abraham: Historical Sources in the Kaufmann Collection: The Case of the Expulsion from the Papal States (1569)

ABRAHAM DAVID aftermath of the expulsion order.

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3 These documents describe the efforts of the Jews from the Papal States to find refuge in other Italian cities. They also shed light on the emergency fund-raising campaign to assist their resettlement initiated by the leaders of the Jewish communities outside the Papal States. Most of the related sources deal with the adjustment of the expellees to their new homes. The Jews of Rome, Ancona, Mantua, Ferrara, and Pesaro, for example, made every effort to assist in the absorption of the refugees in Italy and/or to provide financial aid to those who wished to leave Italy and settle in Ottoman lands. These efforts continued for several years after the expulsion. Five undated documents, taken from two iggeronim, were published by David Kaufmann from his own collection (MSS Kaufmann A 491, A 492, A 493),

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4 who mistakenly assigned them to the anti-Jewish decrees of Pope Paul IV in 1555. Careful examination of these documents indicates that they belong to the later episode of the expulsion of the Jews from the Papal States, as Heinrich Graetz has shown.

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5 These five documents reflect the intensive efforts by the Jewish communities of Mantua and Pesaro, which were not under the control of the Pope, to assist their fellow Jews by fund-raising efforts in other Italian-Jewish communities outside the Papal States. The purpose of the funds was to enable "six hundred" refugees from the Papal States "presently" in Mantua and an unspecified number of refugees in Pesaro to sail east to lands under Ottoman rule, including Eretz-Israel. In addition to this material, I have discovered and published more than a dozen letters from various manuscripts located in different collections, including seven from the Kaufmann Collection."' These letters shed light on the condition of the Jews from the Papal States in the aftermath of the expulsion and on their resettlement in various locations in Italy and elsewhere. Most of the letters treat the monetary difficulties that prevented the provision of proper assistance to the refugees either to settle within Italy or to sail for points East. Several examples follow: One letter (MS Kaufmann A 504) was addressed to the parnassim and the heads of the holy congregation of Urbino by the communal leaders of Pesaro in February 1571, about two years after the expulsion.

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7 The correspondents asked for the 1

3 These have been published by David Kaufmann (see below) and Abraham David, see: DAVID, New Documents - Tarbiz. 376-383; Idem, New Documents - Italia. 17-36. 1

4 Two letters have been published by David KAUFMANN, Les Marranes de Pesaro = Revue des Etudes Juives 16(1888) 71-72. These letters are preserved in two MSS in the Kaufmann Collection: MS Kaufmann A 491, nos. 33-34, pp. 73-74; MS Kaufmann A 492, nos. 40-41, pp. 28-29. Three other letters have been published by David KAUFMANN, Contributions ä Thistoire des Juifs en Italie = Revue des Etudes Juives 20(1890) 70-72. These letters are kept in the Kaufmann Collection: MS Kaufmann A 493, nos. 87, 91, 170, pp. 37, 39, 68-69. 1

5 Heinrich GRAETZ, Geschichte der Juden. IX

3. Leipzig 1891. 372, no. 2 1

6 See: DAVID, New Documents - Tarbiz. 381-383; Idem, New Documents - Italia. 20-21,28-35. (MSS Kaufmann A 494, A 504). 1

7 See: DAVID, New Documents - Tarbiz. 381-383. 32