É. Apor (ed.): David Kaufmann Memorial Volume: Papers Presented at the David Kaufmann Memorial Conference, November 29, 1999, Budapest.

DAVID, Abraham: Historical Sources in the Kaufmann Collection: The Case of the Expulsion from the Papal States (1569)

ABRAHAM DAVID 1 cannot proceed without mentioning the work of Jacob Boksenboim, who has published five volumes of these works over the past twenty years.

2 The material upon which the remainder of my lecture is based comes mainly from iggeronim and from halakhic responsa, some of which I have recently published. I want to concentrate on one major issue in the history of Italian Renaissance Jewry - the Expulsion from the Papal States in 1569. The recent discovery of letters, many of which come from the Kaufmann Collection, sheds light on this traumatic event. Unlike the anti-Jewish edicts of Pope Paul IV, which were issued in 1555,

3 the expulsion of the Jews from the Papal States in 1569 left surprisingly little impact on contemporary Hebrew literature. Historians cannot say why so little material has survived. Hence the great importance of the new information from iggeronim and responsa literature. Background Pius V was appointed pope in early 1566. Shortly thereafter,

4 in a special bull issued on 19 April 1566 (Romanus Pontifex),

5 he renewed the anti-Jewish edicts of Pope Paul IV (1555-1559). Thus, he cancelled all the mitigating measures of his predecessor Pius IV (1559-1566). Regarding these edicts, Hebrew sources single out the "badge of shame" (the obligation to wear yellow hats), the forced ghettoization, and the great economic harm caused by the exclusion of Jews from banking, that is, from lending at interest.

6 2 See: Yacov BOKSENBOIM, Iggerot Beit Carmi. Tel-Aviv 1983; Iggerot Rabbi Yehudah Arie Mi-Modena. Tel-Aviv 1984; Iggerot Melamdim. Tel-Aviv 1985; Iggerot Beit Rieti. Tel-Aviv 1987; Iggerot Yehudei Italia. Jerusalem 1994. 3 Paul IV ruled between 1555-1559. Much has been written on his attitude towards Judaism and the Jewish people. See: Isaiah SONNE, Mi-Paulo ha-Revi'i cad Pius ha-Hamishi. Jerusalem 1954. 19-93, 139-164. (Hereafter: SONNE, Mi-Paulo)-, Ariel TOAFF, Nuova luce sui Marrani di Ancona (1556). In: Studi sull'Ebraismo italiano in memoria di Cecil Roth. A cura di Elio Toaff. Rome 1974. 261-280; Kenneth R. STOW, Catholic Thought and Papal Jewry Policy 1555-1593. New York 1977. (Hereafter: STOW, Catholic Thought). 4 Pius V ruled between 1566-1572. See: Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche. VIII. Freiburg 1963. 531-532. 5 This bull has been published in Magnum Bullarium Romanum. VII. Torino 1862. 438-439. 6 On his edicts against the Jews, see: STOW, Catholic Thought, index. On this point we can also obtain information from several Hebrew sources, see: Abraham DAVID, Nuovi documenti sull'espulsione degli ebrei dallo Stato delta Chiesa (1569) (in Hebrew) = Italia 10(1993). 17. (Hereafter: DAVID, New Documents - Italia); Idem, The Expulsion from the Papal States. 28