É. Apor (ed.): David Kaufmann Memorial Volume: Papers Presented at the David Kaufmann Memorial Conference, November 29, 1999, Budapest.

DAVID, Abraham: Historical Sources in the Kaufmann Collection: The Case of the Expulsion from the Papal States (1569)

HISTORICAL SOURCES IN THE KAUFMANN COLLECTION Upon realizing that his measures were ineffective because the Jewish population was scattered throughout the Papal States, Pius V took more drastic steps. On 26 February 1569 he issued the bull Hebraeorum gens\ which called for the expulsion of all the Jews from the cities of the Papal States within three months. As a result of this edict, the ancient Jewish communities of central Italy located within the area of the Papal States almost entirely disappeared. The exception was Urbino, an independent duchy within the region of the Papal States, which refused to accept papal authority. Although excluded from the decree, the Jews of Rome and Ancona were forced to reside in ghettos. Many of the expellees sought refuge both in the Duchy of Urbino and in Rome and Ancona. They also took refuge in cities in Italian principalities outside of the Papal States, including Ferrara, Mantua, Pesaro, and cities in the Milan, Romagna, and Tuscany regions. Others made their way to the East: to the Balkans, Turkey, and Eretz-Israel.

8 The Expulsion in Hebrew Sources Although a turning-point in Italian Jewish history in the second half of the sixteenth century, this event seems to have left little impression on its contemporaries. With the exception of the historiographical works of Joseph ha-Kohen and Gedalyah ibn Yahya, we find few traces of it in contemporary Hebrew chronicles. It is to these accounts that I now turn. Even these contemporary reports devoted little space to the description of the expulsion and its results. I begin with Joseph haKohen's report found in the third (as yet unpublished) part of his Divrey ha-Yamim le-Malkhey Sarfat u-Malkhey Beyt Ottoman ha-Tugar: DTTI "73 ^KIW ua

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,i pxa ,ia5n íaaa us 7 This bull has been published in Magnum BuUarium Romanum. VII. Torino 1862. 740-741. 8 See: SONNE, Mi-Paula. 204-214; Daniel CARPI, L'espulsione degli ebrei dallo Stato della Chiesa a! tempo di Pio Vei processi contro gli ebrei di Bologna (in Hebrew). In: Scritti in memoria di Enzo Sereni. Jerusalem 1970. 145-165; Yacov BOKSENBOIM (ed.), Iggerot Melammedim. Tel-Aviv 1985. 272-279; Idem, Iggerot Yehudei Italia. Jerusalem 1994. 279283; Abraham DAVID, New Documents Concerning the History of Italian Jewry under the Shadow of Sixteenth Century Catholic Reaction (in Hebrew) = Tarbiz 49(1980) 376-383 (Hereafter: DAVID, New Documents - Tarbiz); Idem, New Documents - Italia. 17-36. 29