Vadas Ferenc (szerk.): A Szekszárdi Béri Balogh Ádám Múzeum Évkönyve 13. (Szekszárd, 1986)

Dieter Kaufmann: Der Spätlengyel-Horizont im älteren Mittelneolithikum des Elbe-Saale-Gebietes

The Late Lengyel-Polgár Groups in Poland JANUSZ K. KOZLOWSKI, KRAKOW INTRODUCTION During the Late Neolithic and the Early Eneolithic the territory of Poland remained under a strong influence of the Lengyel culture centres in Transdanubia, Moravia and western Slovakia, and that of Polgár centres in the Great Hungarian Plain and Eastern Slovakia. The interference of the impact of the two centres, superimposed on the local background of the Painted Lengyel and the Malice culture, both containing elements of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery culture, determined the process of cultural development on Polish territories at the turn of the Neolithic and Eneolithic. An additional complication was the emergence of the Lowland model of neolithization represented by the Funnel Beaker culture; during the Early Eneolithic this model spread over considerable parts of the southern uplands in Poland coexisting there with the Danubian model represented by the Lengyel-Polgár groups. The latter gradually vanished to be superseded by the Funnel Beaker culture. In order to grasp the whole complexity of dynamics of sociocultural and economic systems, archaeological sources will be analysed within their geographical mezoregions: 1. Western Little Poland covering the loess plateau of Kraków-Sandomierz with its raw materials base in the Krakow-Czçstochowa Jurassic Plateau, the Holy Cross Mountains^ (flint raw materials), and the Wieliczka-Bochnia Hills (exploitation of salt springs), 2. Silesia with the loess plateaus of Glubczyce and the Sudetes Foreland, 3. Polish Lowlands with three zones: the middle Oder basin, Great Poland and Kujawy. In these zones settlements of the Lengyel-Polgár groups occur in enclaves. The different ecological conditions influenced strongly the model of settlement and economy causing partial adaptation of the Danubian and loess Upland models to the Lowlands environment. 4. South-Eastern Poland with the loess plateaus of the Lublin region, (together with the neighbouring Volhyn) and the Carpathian Foreland (between the rivers Wisloka and San). Each of these areas was characterized by a special ecological regime and different from Transcarpathian territories and from other microregions in Poland. Besides routes running along the south-north axis (mainly across the Carpathians and the Sudetes, the valleys of the big rivers Oder, Warte and Vistula) there were latitudinal routes but of smaller importance during the Neolithic and the Eneolithic. At the turn of the Neolithic and Eneolithic the role of meridional routes became particularly important since flint mining increased in Polish territories, ex295