Majorossy Judit: Egy történelmi gyilkosság margójára. Merániai Gertrúd emlékezete, 1213 - 2013. Tanulmánykötet - A Ferenczy Múzeum kiadványai, A. sorozat: Monográfiák 2. (Szentendre, 2014)
VI. English Summaries
To the Margin of a Historical Murder - English Summaries Boglárka Weisz The Queenly Incomes of Arpadian Dynasty. On the Financial Background of Queen Gertrude’s Court For the researcher of the Arpadian era it is always a challenge to provide an overview in such questions where the sources are rather scattered. Among these issues one can find the financial background of the queens court. Unfortunately, even the investigations conducted on the royal incomes do not help us much since the royal incomes could be grouped as domanial (the king collected them as the landlord) and regale (the king collected them as the ruler of the kingdom). At the beginning of the thirteenth century one can also differentiate between those incomes belonging to the king and to the chancellery. However, the queenly incomes cannot be interpreted within the afore-mentioned categories. In addition, due to the lack of relevant documentation, it is only possible to sketch the outlines of the financial sources of the queens court and one can only roughly estimate their extent. The queens revenue partially came from the royal estates that the king allocated to the queen for maintaining her court. Some of these landed properties belonged permanently to the queenly court, namely each queen had the same set of estates. However, there were several others that were just handed over by given rulers to the reigning queens for a while, usually for the period of their lives. In addition, the queens could also benefit from those passage tolls (the road, the bridge, and the ferry tolls) as well as the market tolls that the kings at least partially donated to them. Nevertheless, one of the most important sources of incomes for the queens in the given period - the early thirteenth century - was the thirtieth. The tricesima was the poundage (the amount of one-thirtieth of the value) of those trade goods arriving from abroad to the kingdom. This type of taxation was introduced by King Andrew II. Although he attached the tricesima to the queens revenues, the later kings always treated it as part of their own source of income. It had to be paid only for the imported goods (and only once at entering the border), while no toll was collected for those articles exported from the Hungarian Kingdom. Above all the mentioned categories of incomes, the queen could also count on the morning-gift to which she had her legal right after the marriage, but the sum was usually paid only after its determination with her husband’s death. Among the casual incomes, one might list the donations (silver, silk, horses, etc.) provided by the comes of those territories that belonged to the queenly court or the presents given by the foreign envoys. To the actual income of Queen Gertrude one might have only some indirect pieces of information. Accordingly, King Andrew II provided his second wife with a yearly thousand marks in the marriage contract, and in 1235 the income from the thirtieth was estimated around thousand and five hundred marks, while the morning-gift also in case of Andrew’s second wife was eight thousand marks. In addition to all that, the incomes from the landed properties must be counted (for which no data is available). One more telling hint can be that until her death, Queen Gertrude accumulated uncoined gold and silver together with golden and silver object in the value of seven thousand marks as a dowry for her daughter, Elizabeth. Enikő Spekner The Formation of Óbuda (Old Buda) Into a Royal Centre During the Reign of King Andrew II Already in the early Arpadian period, during the decades of the so-called “itinerant kingdom”, such centres were formed in the middle of the country (medium regni). Here the ruler and his retinue spent certain periods of the calendar year, and access was more available due to the central location. In this central region three royal centres were located along a kind of triangle. In the sequence of their foundation, the first was Esztergom emerging right before the formation of the Hungarian state. The second was Fehérvár (today Székesfehérvár) founded by the first crowned king, (Saint) Stephen I. The third was Buda evolving around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Visegrád joined these three centres later in the second half of the fourteenth century. Throughout the Middle Ages, these royal places functioned not only one after the other, but alongside certain changes in their functions, also parallelly fulfilled their roles as secular, ecclesiastical, administrative, and governmental centres. At Esztergom, the family castle of the Árpád dynasty became the seat of the head of the Hungarian Church, the archbishop of Esztergom. Fehérvár developed into the sacral place of royal corona310
