Cseri Miklós – Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Népi építészet a Kárpát-medencében a honfoglalástól a 18. századig – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 58. (2001)
Pusztai Tamás: A középkori Mohi mezőváros építészeti emlékei
/ the earth and the floor consisted of a thick layer of yellow clay. On the surface dating from the 15 th and 16 th century, where we found coherent buildings, only the foundations of round or oval ovens made of wattle and daub could be uncovered, having a baking surface plastered with broken pottery. Some fragmented finds indicate (finds in the cellar and in the pit) that ovens were covered with tiles in bowl shape and with unglazed tiles in the 16 th century. We observed a coherent foundation only in one house. In one case there was a cellar behind the house, dug in the 16 th century (094-cellar). On the land behind the dwelling houses, we documented two buildings without oven, which might be farm buildings (088-89 farm building). The houses along the main street were continuously inhabited during 300 years. The fact that the site was inhabited during such a long time resulted in a 1,5 m thick layer of finds. The bottom dates back to the 13 th century. This essay presents the layer of house no. 82 in the centre of the town (fig. 7-13). The Mongol invasion in 1241 destroyed buildings erected on the surface (fig. 12). In the second half of the 13 th century dug-outs were built here - with higher (fig. 11) or lower (fig. 13) quality. The buildings of the next period - on the surface - date from the 15 th-16 th century. A house with divided inner space (fig. 8) and a cellar (fig. 9) stood on this site in the 16 th century. The scattered structure of the villages is typical in Hungary for the early Arpadian age (11 th-12 th century). After examining the plot of the medieval house no. 82, we assume that the yard system and the arrangement of the buildings stabilised by the mid 13 th century. (We don't know Mohi's settlement parts from the 11 th — 12 th century. We found so far only a cemetery from the 11 th — 12 th century). With the help of the map showing the state of the town centre in the 16 th century, we can establish the width and the division of the plots. The plots in Mohi might have been 22 m wide in the 15 th —16 th century. We found in the southern fringe of the settlement well built, small buildings, which date back to the end of the 15 th and the beginning of the 16 th century, (fig. 5).These buildings are orientated towards the main street. We suppose that houses with divided inner space - such as the houses along the main street - stood on the field in front of the mentioned buildings. This would indicate that several families lived on the same plot at the end of the 15 th and the beginning of the 16 th century. Our third excavation area is on the elevations at the southern periphery of the settlement (fig. 6). This uncovered, coherent area is very different from the previous two. We found here areas surrounded by ditches, sometimes crossing each other, attached to different periods. Dwelling houses appear in the last period. Gábor ТОМКА treated the archaeological results and described the chronology of the ditches and buildings. According to him, first a pen was set up, surrounded by a round ditch (o16). In the next period a rectangular area was confined, orientated towards the centre (013), which could have been part of the farming zone belonging to the inner dwelling zone. Since there are no dug-out stables and sheds, the plot was probably a vegetable garden. The last period shows traces of piles, which belonged to fixed buildings. House no. об was probable a dwelling house, since ceramics and fragments of oven-tiles were found next to it. It was 11,7 m long and 4,3-4,5 m wide. The walls are marked by holes at a distance of 50-80 cm from each other, dug for piles of 10-05 cm diameter. Only unearthed oven-tiles hint at the heating of the house. An enclosure belonged to the dwelling house (012). As a result of the archaeological research, we defined the structure of the medieval settlement centre (fig. 4). It was a settlement with one street. The main street widens out in the centre of the village, around the church and shapes a square (a market square). On fig. 4 we outlined with black those surface patterns shown on an aerial photograph, where our research proves the former existence of buildings. We see a spot (a building?) in the main street, next to the church in south-east direction. This might be one of the manors mentioned in a source in 1563. After having compared the results of the in situ examinations, we came to the conclusion that the length of the main street with buildings was about 720 m, the width of the main street on the uncovered area was 36 m, and in other parts of the settlement it was 27-36 m. The width of the surface covered with buildings was 35-45 m. The inner, built up surface of the settlement, the street area included, covered 7-8 hectares. 364
