Cseri Miklós – Tárnoki Judit szerk.: Népi építészet a Kárpát-medencében a honfoglalástól a 18. századig – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 58. (2001)
Pálóczi-Horváth András: A késő középkori népi építészet régészeti kutatásának újabb eredményei
Das Wohnhaus aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, das in Visegrád (der Nordgarten des Königspalastes, 1997-1998) ausgegraben wurde, war mit Fachwerktechnik auf Steinfundament gebaut. Diese Technik ist in der ungarischen ländlichen Architektur unbekannt, aber gemäß diesem archäologischen Beleg muss sie in Ungarn im 14.—15. Jahrhundert existiert haben. Im nördlichen bewaldeten Oberland vom mittelalterlichen Ungarn (gehört heute zur Slowakei) und in Siebenbürgen (gehört heute zu Rumänien) waren Gebäude mit Holzstruktur allgemein verbreitet in den 14.—16. Jahrhunderten. Es gibt wichtige archäologische Ergebnisse in der Slowakei über Häuser von Kleinadligen im mittelalterlichen Ungarn. New Results of the Archaeological Researches on the Late-Medieval Rural Architecture ANDRÁS PÁLÓCZI-HORVÁTH There was an important change in culture and economy of the Hungarian rural society between the middle of the 13 th and the middle of the 14 th century. This change is reflected by settlements and dwelling houses. The leading role of the subterranian one-roomed house type came to end and the more-roomed house type, built on the surface, became more widespread and general in the villages. Summing up the archaeological results of the last 70—80 years the following can be said about the house type development between the 14 th and 16 th century. The ancient type of houses built on the surface was the two-roomed house with oven. According to different functions there was an oven in the kitchen and no heating system in the living room. Enlarging the house with third and fourth rooms, there must have been more different functions: there were spaces for storing, sleeping, in some cases for animal keeping or for workshops. Archaeologically these functions can hardly be defined. The late medieval peasant house type with its large size, new structural and heating elements was effected by the contemporary noble, aristocratic and town architecture, in some cases the model was given by the dwelling houses of privileged hospes layer who belonged to the upper class of the peasants. The regional types of dwelling houses started developing in the late middle-ages. 1.) Lowland house-type. In the middle of the Carpathian Basin, in the Great Hungarian Plain and its border earth walls with wooden structure were widespread from the 14—15 th century. The houses were built on the surface, foundation ditches were dug for the walls. The timbers, stood in the ditch, formed the framework of the wall, it was connected with wattling and daubed with clay. The roofing structure was made by a ridge pole held with main support posts, covered with thatch or reed. In the houses the function of kitchen and room was separated very early. In rural architecture tile stoves built in the living room and heated from the kitchen at first appeared in this region. The room had a ceiling. The big, round oven jutting out of the kitchen was heated from the kitchen. The third and fourth space could be a living room or a storage place. In this area on peasant farms animals were never kept in the dwelling houses but kept separately. 259
