Makkay János: A magyarság keltezése – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 48. (1994)

Turkic name in itself. Even the mother of the first Hungarian King, Saint Stephen, was called Sarolt(u) from the Gyula family, and her name comes from a Turkic expression Sar-aldy or 'white weasel'. Similar Turkic onomastics of personal names can be seen amongst the members of the Gyula family, once the second in rank after the Árpáds. Chapter 2.4. lists other Turkic characteristics of Árpád's people. For example the names of the three or five highest dignities were Turkic in origin (chapter 2.4.1). The expressions for lower orders of rank were also pure Turkic. Five of the seven [land-taking] tribes hold Turkic names, as did also the so-called viziers or tribal leaders (chapter 2.4.2—5.). The tribal organisation was Turkic in character. Indeed the tribal system of social organisation had never been known among Finno-Ugric peoples during the millennia of their prehistory and early history. A number of further Turkic characteristics can be added. They come from the fields of social organisation and institutions, religious symbols, foreign connections, settlement patterns, onomastics (the use of single personal names [puszta személynevek] for toponymy was surely a Turkic habit), heroic poetry, mythology, etc. Turning to archaeology, the typical archaeological material of the so-called A [or find-rich] group of the conquering Hungarians has its closest parallels amongst grave materials of the Volga-Bulgars, a characteristically Turkic people. The shroud decorated with thin metal plaques (or occasionally coins) over the mouth and the eyes of the dead body was once considered a very characteristic custom of the Proto-Hungarians and Old-Hungarians both before and after thendivergence from the other Proto-Ugrians. Its archaeological occurrences in graves of the A group, mostly in NE. Hungary, was a very strong argument against the Turkic origin of Árpád's people. Now however it appears that this specific ethnic trait was a widely known Old-Turkic or Middle/Late Iranian burial custom showing strong Greek influences, which probably had been received through the Greek cities on the Black Sea coast (see our notes 122—125!). Around the turn of this century it was already well known that the personal names of nobility in the Arpadian Period were for the most part Turkic, while the names of the humbler classes (poor, slaves, servants, serfs) were mostly of good Finno-Ugric etymology. Chapter 2.5. gives a sample selected from the many thousands of early personal 209