Makkay János: A magyarság keltezése – A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei 48. (1994)

names preserved from the Arpadian Age. The same result is arrived at by studying the early place names in the Arpadian Kingdom. This much-debated point in Old-Hungarian history is discussed in chapter 2.6. A small proportion of the early place names from the Old-Hungarian kingdom occurred through simple or secondary extension of personal or clan names (the number of conquering clans taking part in the 895-896 AD. events was around 50, belonging to the seven or possibly more tribes). Another part was founded on categories of royal servants according to their specific occupations in the system of the nomadic pre-feudal (or later feudal) economy (i.e. villages of blacksmiths, carpenters, ploughmen, potters, etc.). These categories only constitute a small fraction of the early place-names of Mediaeval Hungary , as can be shown by comparing their number with the number of the recorded place-names from late Mediaeval Hungary. There are 21,900 of the latter, mostly the names of small villages of the poor. The number and derivation of the place names formed on the basis of personal names is as follows: 12 can be interpreted as having a Hungarian etymology, 15 are of unknown origin and 32 are of Turkic etymology. The statistics of the place names derived from early clan's names are: 12 names of Hungarian etymology, 78 still unidentified, 35 Turkic, 14 German, 9 Hebrew, 30 Slavic, and 7 Greek (see Chapter 3.4.1.!). There is no need to emphasise here that questions surrounding the introduction to Hungary of *Proto-Hungarian cannot be resolved by using linguistic material in Turkic, Germanic or Slavic. Another serious problem is that Hungarian research on onomastics does not reflect any interest in (or even refuses to deal with) the main category, which is placenames which simply describe the peculiarities of the environment, i,.e. the soils, vegetation, crops and water system,bridges, local resources, the shape, location, building technology of the villages, the forests, birds, wild animals, etc. Place names can also be related to local agriculture, hunting, fishing, animal husbandry, forestry, orchards, salt production, bee-keeping, stone quarries, rocks for millstones and other implements, mills, common industries of primitive subsistence economy, military features, and much else (see chapter 2.6.!). These place names were characteristic of the villages of the same poor, most 210