Csányi Marietta et al. (szerk.): Tisicum - A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 25. (Szolnok, 2016)
Régészeti tanulmányok - Pálóczi Horváth András: A Nagykunság térségének településviszonyai a X–XI. században
TISICUM XXV. - RÉGÉSZET TÉRKÉPEK BÁLLÁ Antal 1777. Gyolcs mocsár. Exacta delineatio totius depresae plagae inter ti(..) stagnosumque fluvium Berettyó ad (...) Milliaria Comm. Germ, in longitudine, (...) verő plus, minus, unum extensae, sub nom(..) GYOLCS et KARAJÁfnos) qua (...) ab inundationibus Tibisci agger (...) tuti...r. Toót András másolata, 1825. MNL JNSZML. T. 30.; MNL JNSZML. Kisújszállás Ita. 275/2. sz. 1793. Mappa specialissima Regionibus Coeli juxta recentessimas observ: Astronomicas accomodata I. Regni Hungáriáé Comitatuum Pest Pilis et Solth... Jazygiae Cumaniae Majoris et Minoris. FRITSCH Vencel 1852. Kisújszállás város és környékének térképe. MNL JNSZML. T. 88. MIKOVINY Sámuel 1731. Mappa Partis Regni Hungáriáé, qua lazyges, Cumani Maiores et Minores contenentur. HMHIM B IXa 624. 1740. Mappa Districtus Cumanorum Maiorum. HMHIM B IXa 625. MKF 2005. Aufnahmskarte des Königreiches Ungarn, 1819-1869. A második katonai felmérés. A Magyar Királyság és a Temesi Bánság nagyfelbontású, színes térképei. 1:28.800. HM Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum Térképtára. DVD-ROM. Arcanum Adatbázis Kft. kiadása. Budapest. András Pálóczi Horváth Settlement conditions of the Nagykunság region in the 10th and 11th century The Nagykunság is a historic-ethnographic land; it got its name from Cumani who migrated to Hungary from the eastern steppe in the mid- 13th century, and whom one genus got its area to settle in the region between the rivers Tisza, Körös and Berettyó. This article is about the formation of the region's medieval, pre-Cumani, period settlement system in the 10th and 11th century. We have very few written sources about this era, so the archaeological data is of utmost importance. We visualised on a hydrological map the 10-11th century settlements, more important roads and ferries we know from diplomas and archaeological data. (Fig. 4). The Conquest period Hungarians occupied the area quite densely, the distribution of 10th century graves trace out the strategically important places along the rivers, near the ferries. From a highborn male’s grave a gilded silver purse plate was uncovered. (Ecsegfalva, Fig. 1). There are only a few finds on the sand plateaus between rivers, but it is here that the highest standing, most likely chieftain grave was found (Kétpó), with gilded silver cup, gold plated belt, saber and quiver (Fig. 2-3). There were already important roads close to the site in the 10th century. In the 11th century this part of the Tiszántúl was under the throne prince’s authority, in 1074 an important battle was fought here between king and prince (Fig. 5). The larger, northern part of our region was under the bishop of Eger, while in other parts the diocese of Vác or Várad had authority. The earliest known settlements known from diplomas are the estates of the Eger diocese given by Saint István (1000-1038) and I. (Saint) László (1077-1095) on the banks of the rivers Tisza and Túr/Berettyó. In 1075 king I. Géza (1074-1077) gave estates to the Benedictine abbey of Ga- ramszentbenedek at one of the Tisza dead channels. We know of two 11th century Benedictine abbeys in our region (Tenyőmonostora, Tomaj- monostora), the parish system started to build up in the villages as well. We briefly describe the results of an archaeological study concerning an 11th century temple and cemetery of an Árpádian Age village. (Fig. 6-7). 264
