Nagy Emese Gyöngyvér - Dani János - Hajdú Zsigmond szerk.: MÓMOSZ II. (Debrecen, 2004)

Kiss Viktória-Somogyi Krisztina: Újabb adatok a mészbetétes kerámia kultúrája telepeiről. Előzetes jelentés a Kaposvár, 61. út 1. lelőhely középső bronzkori településéről

VIKTÓRIA KISS-KRISZTINA SOMOGYI RECENT DATA ON THE SETTLEMENTS OF ENCRUSTED POTTERY CULTURE: PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT OF KAPOSVÁR - ROUTE 61, SITE No. 1. In recent decades the research of Transdanubian settlements dating back to the early and middle Bronze Age has been enriched with a number of new data. Many of the settlement-patterns from the Encrusted Pottery culture came to light mostly during the extensive rescue-excavations at KisBalaton and, more recently, during the excavations on the track of newly-built motorways. However, we know these sites only from brief reports, as no comprehensive site processing has been published so far. As a consequence, we find it important to summarize those latest data that are related to the sites and lifestyle of the culture. First, we would like to present the settlement that came to light in 1999 at site no.l during the rescue-excavations on the track of Route 61 around Kaposvár. It is the largest known settlement segment of the Encrusted Pottery culture. The site is located on a hill between Kaposvár and Toponár, on the right bank of the stream called Deseda. We excavated a 400 metre long land strip on the 40-50 meter wide road track (the exact size of the researched area is 14770 m) that ran across the hill in a NW - SE direction. The great number of objects that were found here belonged to various historic ages (SOMOGYI 2000, 245), but around 180 of them dated back to the period of the Encrusted Pottery culture. These latter objects were scattered across the full extent of the excavated territory, but their occurrence was mostly concentrated on top of the hill in a north-south direction. From the pottery material of the objects found we can conclude that the settlement was populated during the entire time period of the culture and also the period of the preceding Kisapostag culture. At the present stage of the processing, we can establish that in the earlier phases of the site, the settlement was smaller: the settlement-patterns of the late Kisapostag-early Encrusted Pottery phase and the older north-Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery phase (HONTI-KISS 1996) appear mostly in the eastern part of the excavated territory, around the slope near the stream and on the eastern side of the hill-top. The majority of the objects date back to the younger phase of the Encrusted Pottery culture (up to the youngest Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery phase; cf. HONTI 1994a; KOVÁCS 1994; KISS 1997; VÉKONY 2000): this was the phase when the hill-slope became more densely populated and, judging from the finds coming to light from the excavated narrow strip, the settlement extended as far as the territories well beyond the stream bank. However, the large number of sight phenomena refers to a settlement from the younger phase that was populated for a longer time period and moved horizontally with time. Due to the small number of authentically excavated settlements, we still know little about how people lived in the villages of the Encrusted Pottery culture. In relation to that, the householdpottery types that emerged from site no. 1 at Route 61 Kaposvár, had previously been published from few sites only (for a selected material about the several phases of Szebény-Paperdö, see BÁNDIPETRES-MARÁZ 1979, 85-86). At the Transdanubian settlements originating from the Middle Bronze Age (according to the chronology of the Bronze Age used in Hungarian literature) we can find pots and barrel-shaped vessels, which are predominantly decorated with a bundle of lines running vertically or in arched triangle shape rather than with encrusted patterns. Beside these forms, there are other household pottery types that are already known from the so-called tell-cultures from the Great Hungarian Plain: fish fryers, embers covers, fermenting and marinating vessels (BONA 1975, 250-254; V. VADÁSZ 2001, 47, Pl. 18. 1-3), as well as portable firehearths. As for these portable firehearths, we have note that I. Bona mentioned one with a built-in grate from the Lengyel-Sánchegy site. This one, however, based on typology, should belong to the material of the Urnfield culture at the mentioned site. In contrast to that, data have been gathered more recently from the Somogyvár-Kupavárhegy settlement and from a cemetery at Patpuszta (Patince, SK) about portable firehearths with a built-in vessel (FISCHLKISS-KULCSÁR 2001, 177).