Nagy Emese Gyöngyvér - Dani János - Hajdú Zsigmond szerk.: MÓMOSZ II. (Debrecen, 2004)

Kiss Viktória-Somogyi Krisztina: Újabb adatok a mészbetétes kerámia kultúrája telepeiről. Előzetes jelentés a Kaposvár, 61. út 1. lelőhely középső bronzkori településéről

The analysis of the bone material of the domesticated and wild animals provides further hints for the reconstruction of the Transdanubian population's way of life (BARTOSIEWICZ 1996). From the observations aimed at the reconstruction of the climate and vegetation of the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin, we can conclude that the Encrusted Pottery culture - and the cultures living west of it - lived in the oceanic climate zone, which enabled them to lead a very different life from the tell-cultures that occupied the wooded steppe zone (from the eastern edge of the Great Hungarian Plain to Mezőföld). Considering the Transdanubian vegetation zones, the territory of the north-Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery culture extended to the subMediterranean and Central European mixed wooded regions, whereas the territory of the south-Transdanubian group occupied the zone of the sub-Mediterranean oak woods (SÜMEGI-BODOR 2000, Fig. 3-4; VICZE 2000, 119). It is interesting to note, however, that the south-Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery group did not occupy the whole of South-Transdanubia (as opposed to the map summaries suggesting so: BANDI 1972, map 2. and 3.; BÁNDI-PETRES-M

ARÁZ 1979, 82; BÓNA 1992, 17, Karte: Mittlere Bronzezeit III), but remained on the territory bordered by the rivers Sió, Kapos, Dráva, Duna and by the Mecsek mountains. Based on the data gathered so far, their territory crossed the river slightly just at the estuary of the Kapos (Regöly, Szakály). The status of the territory west of the Pécsi-víz and the Mecsek, as well as the south part of Somogy County, at the left bank of the river Rinya is still uncertain. But the region around Kaposvár falls, undoubtedly, on the terri tory of the north-Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery group (PATAY 1938, maps IX and XIII; TORMA 1969, 79; TORMA 1971, 32-33, notes 8-12; HONTI-KISS 1998, 50). Among the finds from the settlement at Kaposvár - Route 61, site No. 1., we can observe a significant amount of vessels from the south-Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery culture too, which clearly indicates that the residents of this village maintained closer relations with their southern neighbors than the population of the north-Transdanubian group inhabiting the shores of Lake Balaton or the territories north of it. Based on the above, today we have more definite evidence with regard to the settled, landKtss VIKTÓRIA MTA RÉGÉSZETI INTÉZETE 1014 Budapest, Úri u. 49. cultivating lifestyle of the Transdanubian Middle Bronze Age population. There are two basic reasons for the lack of larger-sized sites: one is that research work has, so far, been incomplete, the other is that, in contrast with the tells on the Great Hungarian Plain, the remains of the houses built on the one-layered Transdanubian sites were not protected by the rubble of the new houses built on them, therefore, they fell prey to the tempering of succeeding ages, to erosion and to recent agricultural activity. The large-sized village at Kaposvár and the thicker settlement layer that got preserved on the hill-sites and also some one-layered settlements refer to longer-term settling (Veszprém: late Kisapostag - early Encrusted Pottery phase 70 cm; young north-Trans-Danubian Encrusted Pottery phase 80-90 cm; Bakonyszentlászló-Kesellőhegy L: the layer of the Kisapostag culture and the older north-Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery phase together is 60 cm; Somogyvár-Kupavárhegy: at least 30 cm; Karancs-Keskend (Karanac-Kozarac, HR: 1 m). However, the analysis of the tools made of animal bones and stone will enable us to present a more accurate picture of their lifestyle and to establish the relative proportion between land-cultivation and stock-breeding. The already processed stone tools from the Kaposvár site (see Appendix) suggest that land cultivation may have been of lesser importance than it was with the tell-cultures. On the basis of the above analysis, we can observe a kind of hierarchy among the sites (hillforts and larger or smaller sites), and, in addition, the bronze treasures of the Tolnanémedi type, and the fact that some of the dead were buried with rich furniture imply the presence of some highranking people. Nevertheless, we found no evidence of a re-distributing role characteristic of the centralized chiefdoms, nor could we observe an outstanding religious or economic center. The redistribution of the bronze products is not likely; the small metal workshops are likely to have provided the local villages with their products by bartering them. Consequently, based on presently known data, we cannot assume the existence of a social organization that would be more developed than a tribal or segmentary society (RENFREWBAHN 1999, 166-169; cf. also O'SHEA 1996, 258-312; KRISTIANSEN 2000, 9). Translated by Zsuzsa Kelemen SOMOGYI KRISZTINA RIPPL-RÓNAI MÚZEUM 7400 Kaposvár, Fő u. 10.