Csécs Teréz: Arrabona - Múzeumi Közlemények 51. (Győr, 2015)
Ilon Gábor: Kik és mikor temetkeztek a Bakony halomsírjaiba? Magángyűjtők és régészek Rómer Flóris nyomában
ILON GABOR KIK ÉS MIKOR TEMETKEZTEK A BAKONY HALOMSÍRJAIBA? WHO AND WHEN WERE BURIED IN THE TUMULI OF BAKONY? PRIVATE COLLECTORS AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS ON RÖMER S TRAIL In the introductory part of the study the textural and illustrated documentation is shown that Römer made in 1875 about his excavations at the site of Bakonyszűcs- Százhalom (Figl—2). Almost a hundred years later Erzsébet Patek unearthed threequarter part of one tumulus in 1970. In the second part of this paper four bronze objects (2 swords, one winged axe and one wind axe fragment) found by two private collectors (Ernő Wolf from Zirc and Albert Báky from Sárvár) at unknown sites (possibly from Bakonybél, Porva, Zirc and near Pápa respectively, Fig. 3) are discussed. These belong to the Late Bronze Age late Tumulus - early Urnfield culture. The third part of the paper looks into the already known armed social layer unearthed in the Bakony area from several hundreds of tumuli. It is supposed that 7 armed infantry groups can be differentiated that can be described with the following weapons and weapon combinations: sword, winged axe, bow, quiver and arrow-heads, spear, dagger, knife and breastplate (lion 2012; lion 2014, 1/c, 3/a and Table 4). Of course, it can not be excluded that these weapon combination indicate not the warriors' actual weaponry, but they were assembled as a means of manipulating the community (from ritual or other purpose). A group of researchers (Childe 1930,192, 222; Hänsel 1981) has postulated since the beginning of the 20th century until now that the impact of cultures setting off from the Carpathian Basin and other Central European areas including the late Tumuli culture (Childe 1930, 213; Sandars 1978, 91-95) which can be called raid, land occupation or finding place to the demographical surplus, reached the Eastern part of Mediterranean through Italy and the Balkan. The resulted wide connection network is justified not only by the sunk wrecks (i.e. at the Turkish costs at Cape Gelidonya from ca. 1200 BC., Uluburun from 1342- 1314 BC.; at the Israeli costs at (Hishuley Carmel, Kfar Samir, Hahotrim-Bass 1967; Pulak 2005; Galili-Gale-Rosen 2011), but also by objects found in the before-mentioned areas. Such are i.e. the Ha type sword (Naue) used generally in the continental Europe and the Mediterranean (Sandars 1978, 89, 92-93, 207, and Table IV) and the channelled, twisted handled, hand-formed, glazed ceramics and the coarse hand-formed ceramics of grooved decoration called “of Lausitz” and later Gává (Sandars 1978, 193-195; Hänsel 1981, 214-215, Abb. 6-11; Paulik 1962, Abb. 14. 2, 36. c). So, in the migrating/wandering actions - i.e. in the raids of the “Sea People” - from the European mainland towards the Mediterranean the people of the Central European and Balkan “archaeological cultures”/tribes also took part (Fig. 8). This activity and mobility was generated by the demographically growing, socially differentiated late Bronze Age society, especially by its military elite. 177
