Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. A Szent István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 33. 2003 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (2004)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Köhler, Kitti: Anthropological finds of the Lengyel culture from Csabdi-Télizöldes. XXXIII. p. 7–24.

34 individuals could be isolated, 3 of them were children of infant I age, 8 were infant II, 3 were juveniles (1 male, 1 female, 1 undeterminable), 20 were adults (6 male and 14 female). Based on the data in the tables, the following may be established about the demographic characteristics of the series. The adults' age and sex distribution shows a significantly lower proportion of men, which could be observed in other, larger cemeteries of the Lengyel culture and of other prehistoric periods {Table 3). The majority of women was most pronounced in the cemetery of Mórágy (Zoffmann 1991), but it was significant in the cases of Aszód (Zoffmann 1998-1999) and Zengővárkony (Zoffmann 1969-70) as well, at the same time, however, in the mass grave excavated in Esztergályhorváti - which is usually not interpreted as a typical cemetery, but rather as a special burial - only men were interred (Zoffmann 1998-1999). After examining the age distribution, the complete lack of individuals aged between 0 and 1 year should be mentioned, which, however, is not a unique phenomenon.

4 The frequency of individuals of infant I age (8.8 %) is in agreement with data from other prehistoric series, but the ratio of infant II age individuals (23.5 %) is already higher. The proportion of juvenile (8.8 %), adult (32.4 %) and mature (26.5 %) individuals also showed the expected values, the senile age group, however, is again missing from the series. The higher proportion of women among adults could be observed in numerous cemeteries, which can be explained with more frequent deaths due to pregnancy and delivery, while most of the men reached mature age. This, however, cannot be confirmed in the case of CsabdiTélizöldes, probably due to either the partial excavation of the cemetery or the low number of skeletons. 2. Sexual dimorphism The cumulated values of the sexual dimorphism of men and women are given in Table 4. According to this, the average sexualization value of men is +1.27, that of women is -1.05. This suggests marked sexual dimorphism, that is, men are characterized by pronounced masculinity, women by strong femininity. Among the sex-specific characteristics, the most masculine ones among men are the occipital surface (+1.75) and the mastoid process (+1.75) on the skull, the greater sciatic notch (+1.60) and the sulcus preauricularis (+1.80) on the pelvis, while the 4 The lack of the youngest infants can be explained in many ways. The most probable solution is that the their shallow graves had been destroyed by erosion or modern agricultural activities, but it is equally possible that the small bones simply decayed and perished in the soil. It is, however, conceivable, that some of them were not buried in this cemetery at all. frontal and parietal tuber are slightly feminine (-0.25). Among women, the most feminine characteristics are the capitulum (-1.44) and the angle of the mandible (-1.30) on the skull, the foramen obturatum (-1.50) and the greater sciatic notch (-1.66) on the pelvis, furthermore the diameter of the caput femoris (-1.44). To sum up, we may conclude that the most pronounced sexual dimorphism can be observed in the cases of the mandible, the mastoid process, the greater sciatic notch, the sulcus preauricularis and the caput femoris. 3. Metric and morphological analysis of skulls The basis of the typological and taxonomical analysis of the finds is the determination of metric data and morphological traits. Individual skull size, attributes and traits are given in Tables 5-6. Due to the fragmentary state of the finds, the analysis could be carried out only in the case of a few skeletal remains. According to the absolute measures, the skulls are long/medium long and medium broad. They are dolichomesocranic according to length-breadth index, hypsiorthocranic according to length-height index, and metrioacrocranic according to breadth-height index. The medium broad forehead has a metrio-eurymetop index. The face and the upper face are medium high according to the absolute values. The orbit is mesoconch, the nose is chamaerrhine, and the palate is lepto- and brachystaphyline. The skull in norma verticalis shows a rather varied form, its shape is mostly sphenoid among men and pentagonoid-ovoid-ellipsoid among women. At the same time, the skull outline in norma occipitalis is very uniform, it is house shaped almost without exception. The occiput is mostly curvoccipital, in the case of two women it is slightly bathrocranic. Lambdoid flatness wasn't observed. The external occipital protuberance of men fell in Broca's categories 2 to 5, that of women in categories 0 to 2. The glabella of men scored 4-6 on Broca's scale, that of women scored 1-2. The orbit was rounded in the case of both sexes, but was low among men and high among women. The nasal root is predominantly shallow. The apertúra piriformis has mainly an anthropin character. The fossa canina is deep among men and mid-deep among women. Alveolar prognathia is moderate among men, pronounced among women. The upper dental arch is widening or U-shaped. Among the descriptive traits, no differences were found between men and women in the skull outline as observed in the occipital aspect, in the profile of the occiput, and in the lambdoid flatness, while there were significant differences in the shape of the skull as observed in the norma verticalis and the degree of alveolar prognathia. 8