Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. A Szent István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 33. 2003 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (2004)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Köhler, Kitti: Anthropological finds of the Lengyel culture from Csabdi-Télizöldes. XXXIII. p. 7–24.

The divergences observed in the glabella and the external occipital protuberance stem from sexual dimorphism. 4. Characteristics of body height Individual data of skeletal bones, attributes and body height values can be found in Table 7-9. The fragmentary state of skeletal bones is shown by the fact that body height calculations that take into consideration all the extremity elements cannot be carried out in any of the cases. On the other hand, the various methods for body height measurement give very diverging results despite the low number of elements. These, however, show similar discrepancies not only when carrying out the calculations on prehistoric materials, but also on the skeletal remains of later periods (Ery 1998). The stature of men is medium/medium tall according to Pearson, medium tall/tall according to Breitinger and Sjovold. The stature of women is medium short/medium according to Pearson, medium/medium tall/tall according to Bach, medium short/medium tall/tall according to Sjovold. In our opinion, the relatively high discrepancy might be caused by the fact that the calculation methods might under-, or overestimate body height, or that the low number of measurements of long bones that may be taken into consideration does not allow the correction of the measures. At the same time, however, we may conclude from the calculated body measurements that they do not show any significant differences when compared to the average body height of prehistoric populations of Hungary (Éry 1998). 5. Taxonomical observations In physical anthropological research, the categorization of the excavated remains into races, taxons, is controversial. In the case of Csabdi-Télizöldes, we might nonetheless try a taxonomical analysis, although the number of those finds where the necessary skull indexes, morphological traits and body height measurements were available all at once was very low. Keeping in mind that so-called pure types are not always determinable even in the cases of well-preserved, measurable skulls, the main taxonomical traits of the population at Csabdi-Télizöldes are predominantly characterized by the dolichocranic, short/medium short Gracile Mediterranean (grave 17 - Fig. 2.) and by the more robust, but also dolichocranic, medium tall/tall Atlanto-Mediterranean (grave 18) types. The mixture of Atlanto-Mediterranean and Nordic elements was observed once (grave 12 - Fig. /.), just like the appearance of Cromagnoid traits mixed with other elements (grave 31). 6. Anatomical variations The more we know about the inheritance mechanisms of anatomical variations and traits, the more significance their examination gains in determining blood relations within different cemeteries or grave groups. These observations, however, can only be carried out successfully on very well-preserved finds, where it is possible to follow these traits systematically (FirmeganMarcsik 1979). The bad state of preservation of the skeletal material at our disposal, especially the limescale on the bones, did not allow the systematic observation of these variations on all the skeletons. Among the traits, the frequency of wormian bones is fairly high (54.5 %), but the case is similar in many other prehistoric series. Beside this, we observed squamomastoid suture (28.6 %), os apicis (16.6 %), os astericum (16.6 %), sagittal (11.1 %) and palatine torus (33.3 %) on the skulls. The perforation of the fossa of olecranon at the distal epiphysis of the humerus occurs as well (28.6 %). The above traits appear sometimes together, in other cases none of them do. There are no significant differences in the distribution of the observed variations between the sexes. 7. General characterization of dentition In terms of number of teeth suitable for study, the material at our disposal is moderately well-preserved. Due to the fragmentary state of the mandibles, the number of teeth lost post or ante mortem cannot be established. The number of teeth suitable for study is 382 permanent and 50 milk-teeth, the number of teeth lost post mortem is 45 among adults. The most well-know pathological disorder of teeth is dental caries. The examination of the 284 teeth of 16 adults showed nine teeth with caries in five individuals, furthermore there was caries in one of the milk-molars of a child as well. The disorder appears most frequently on adults (Table 10) and, in terms of sex distribution, more frequently on women. In most cases, dental caries appeared on the cementum-enamel border. This might have been caused by the lifestyle and special nutrition habits of the Neolithic population, as a result of which the teeth are characterized by great extent of abrasion, exposure of the dental collar and, as a consequence, collar caries on the cementum-enamel border (Huszár-Schranz 1952; Schranz-Huszár 1962). Table II shows the intensity and frequency of caries in the case of Csabdi and other prehistoric series, and allows the conclusion that caries was relatively infrequent in our material. The number of teeth lost during life is relatively low. We observed altogether 11 teeth lost ante mortem in the case of four individuals. The frequency of this disorder 9