Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 20. 1980 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1983)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Éry Kinga, K.: Comparative statistical studies on the physical anthropology of the Carpathian basin population between the 6–12th centuries A. D. p. 89–141.

priority using this type of graphic representation rather than the phenomenon of primary concern. It is also obvious that polythetical dendrograms are sensitive to changes in the sample's total variance, which is inevitably effected either by adding new cases to the data set or removing some of the old ones. Thus, various arrangements of the material were used to offer a choice in dendrograms which could then be used for both testing and be complementary to each other. Usually, general trends may be identified more easily with a bird's eye view when a large number of cases were entered into the algorithm. This provided the basis for the design of the dendrogram. On the other hand, the recognition of more refined details was easier on dendrograms which were based on significant analogies with the given series. D) Because of the above-mentioned principles, the analysis of these physical anthropological data was carried out from various aspects and approaches. The first data set was structured by using a material containing 120 samples and its dendrogram was designed for detecting tendencies of general metric, regional and chronological nature. The second data set was based on the analysis of the 45 series come from the Carpathian Basin with regard the dendrograms calculated from their analogies. The third data set was compiled in light of regional characteristics which occurred within the material from the Avar Period, the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and the Period of the Árpád Dynasty respectively. The Period of the Hungarian Conquest was already represented by regional groups in the material of this study. In the case of the Avar and Árpád Period materials the distinction between regional subgroups, smaller series from the same area must also be considered. This is why samples containing at least five cases were also included when regional mean values were calculated. Thus, 11 more Avar and 9 more Árpád Period series were available for study. Finally, the fourth series of data contained the constructed regional groups from the Carpathian Basin, constructed Transcarpathian groups and miscellaneous series. Calculations of generalized distances within these sets of data provided the basis for further conclusions illustrated also by dendrograms. The chronological and bibliographical data of the fundamental 120 series entered into the calculations of generalized distances are listed in Table 7.(

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) Table 2(

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) contains the mean values of the same series, Table 3 is a list of chronological and bibliographical information for the smaller, additional samples, while the measurements of respective series are shown in Table 4. (3) Chronological data of the series from the territory which now forms part of the Soviet Union were revised by A. Khalikov during his 1982 trip to Hungary. He also corrected some of these data (those which belong to samples No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 61). These corrections are based on the results of most recent research. I would like to acknowledge his kind help here. (4) In some cases new samples were produced with the inclusion of numerous series (No. 4, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 54, 61). New mean values of these synthetic groups were obtained from the weighted mean values of the contributing series. The approximate geographical distribution of sites which yielded the 74 samples from outside the Carpathian Basin are shown in Figure 1. (Site codes correspond to the sequence numbers listed in Table 1.) The geographical locations of all sites including miscellanea within the Carpathian Basin are shown in Figure 2. (Site codes again correspond to the sequence numbers in Tables 1 and 4.) The computations were carried out at the Veszprém University of Chemical Engineering Grateful thanks are due to Dr. I. Dominyák who developed the program and Ms. L. Ó h e g y i who was in charge of its execution. III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATERIAL A) Before beginning the analysis of б

—12th century A.D. material from the Carpathian Basin some general characteristics are worth considering. This review will be supported by Figure 3, which is the dendrogram obtained from the analysis of the 120 series(

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). In this figure, series representing in general similar metric data form clusters of various sizes. Metric differences in a wider sense resulted in five clusters. Within the first and second cluster greater metric similarity forms five subclusters. These clusters and subclusters may be characterized as follows(

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): Cluster 1 This cluster includes 48 percent of the material. All of its series belong to the Europoid (Caucasoid) major race and represent dolichocrania. Three subclusters may be distinguished in a west to east direction within this cluster. The regional distribution of these subclusters is shown in Figure 4 and their parameters are listed in Table 5. S ub dust er 11 a . These series come from the area between Western Europe and the Dnepr river. They form the largest subcluster which is metrically similar in spite of the fact that these series represent a rich variety of ethnic groups. From the Northern Pontic area all Early and Late "Scythian" samples, one "eastern Slavic", two "western Slavic", six "western Germanic" series, two series from the Avar Period (9,1%) and eleven from the Árpád Period (61,1%) make up this subcluster. The contradiction between the great ethnic variability (5) Minuscules in this figure were used to identify series which did not come from the territory of the Carpathian Basin. Spaced minuscules mark Late Roman and 9th century A. D. samples from the Carpathian Basin. 6—8th century A. D. Aver Period samples were typed using capitals. Spaced capitals mark the 10—12th century A. D. samples from the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and the Árpád Period respectively. The vertical dashed line symbolizes the treshold of P «* 1.0% level of significance. (6) Similar investigations on a larger scale have been carried out at the Institude for Physical Anthropology of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. This research was directed by I. Schwidetzky (Schwidetzky 1967, 1972, Schwidetzky and, Rösing 1976, Rösing and Schwidetzky 1977, 1981). Although their results quite often correspond to those obtained during this work, they could not be directly adopted due to the different points of view of this study. 91