Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bándi Gábor: Remarks on the History of Research in the „Vueedol Problem”. – Megjegyzések a Vueedoli-kérdés kutatástörténetéhez. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 23–33.

even in Bosnia. 132 The situation is similar with the Glina III —Schnekkenberg cultures as well. 133 The Makó and Nyírség groups, situated between the two extreme bran­ches : the eastern Glina III — Schneckenberg and the west­ern Lasinja —Somogyvár—Zók groups, follow the general rite of cremation, being one of the specific features sepa­rating the mentioned ethnical groups from the others, and also the outcome of the divergent ethnical factors in all probability. 134 The inclusion of the Serbian sites into the Lasinja — Somogy vár—Zók group of the Western Carpathien Basin, beyond solving the problems of earlier research to a cer­tain degree, confirms the tenet of the southern origin and establishes a closer relation with South-East Bulgaria and South-East Thracia, the regions whence the migraiton of a component of this population may have begun. 135 As we have seen, the survey of the history of research, the arrangement of the material, the revision of the prob­lems of extension, origin and chronology enables us to present a more uniform stand-point and unitary principle for the future inquiries into the Vucedol problem, on this widely extended culture, admitting a division into several horizons in time and several ethnical groups. Therefore the harmonizing of the find groups in Yougoslavia, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary serves as a base for the following summary of the culture on these, in our judg­ment, fundamental lines: 1. In the Carpathian Basin we may reckon with the folk the widely extended Aeneolithic or late Copper Age Baden —Pécel culture of southern derivation as a basic people, even before the recent Lower Danu­bian and Balkanic migration of peoples at about 1900 B.C. Naturally the various and, to some extent, diffe­rent groups of this culture have presented various ba­sic situations for the new population too. 136 2. The migration of cultures, starting at about 1900 B.C., proceeded through the Balkan peninsula by various routes towards the Carpathian Basin. 137 3. The western branch, arriving in the Carpathian Basin by the Morava —Drina —Danube route, meet­ing Lower Danube elements, expanded in the direc­tion SE — NW and gave rise, on Baden — Pécel foundations, to the Lasinja —Somogyvár—Zók group (see extension map no. 1). The appearance or evolu­tion of this group meant the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in the SW —W region of the Carpathian Basin, a parallel to the period Middle Helladic I. 138 4. The south-eastern branch, showing very strong relations to the region of the Lower Danube, 138a gave rise to the Makó group, extending as far as Slovakia slowly. The Glina III — Schneckenberg cultures of Oltenia and Transylvania may be at­tached here. The latter two groups arrived some­!32 A. BENAC: op. cit. 140. (Rumin near Bitelic, Cetina.) 133 I. BONA: Alba Regia 4/5 (1963/64) 52 - ; M. ROSKA: Thesaurus antiquitatum Transsilvanicarum (Kolozsvár 1942) 33, 36 — 37, 108 — 109. is« N. KALICZ: Diss. Arch. 4 (1962) 12 -;ID.: Arch. Ért. 94 (1967) 3. 135 I. BONA: Alba Regia 4/5 (1963/64) 60-61. 13в N. KALICZ: Die Péceler (Badener) Kultur und Anatolien. Studia Arch. 2 (1963). is? I. BONA: Alba Regia 4/5 (1963/64) 61. 13« Ibid. 61. 138a, Many related features of the material of the Foltesti II —Cernavoda II (Ezero — Donja Slatina) cultures, appearing in Moldova, Dobrudzha and Muntenia, may be important factors in the evolution of the Early Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin. See the Roumanian literature on this subject. what later to these areas than the western branch;; their formation was influenced, beside the Bubanj — Hum culture, by the folk of the ochre grave tumulus culture of the steppe, arriving from the East. 139 ' We may suppose further that the north-easternmost extension of this branch was identical with the Nyír­ség group, coloured by eastern factors equally; the suggestion of its immediate Vucedol connection and of a migration towards North-East, as propounded by reearch, does not seem probable. 140 5. In a comparatively short time the Makó group was effected by the next southern wave protruding new peoples, the Pitvaros group, on the move towards the North; thus in the area between the Danube and the Tisza, together with the Mezőföld, the Nagy­rév culture came into being. 141 6. In the second half of the Early Bronze Age of South-Eastern Europe the western half of the Car­pathian Basin was occupied from N—NW by various Litzenkeramik groups. 142 First they occupied the territories of the earlier Bell Beaker and Makó groups in the Bohemian —Moravian Basin, then in Slovakia and Burgenland; later they proceeded southwards, along the eastern fringes of the Alps, appearing in minor groups in NW Yougoslavia too. 143 Equally their elements reaching Western Hungary occupied the areas of the Lasinja —Somogy vár—Zók group slowly. 144 The impact of this general largescale mig­ration of peoples resulted in changes in the life of the latter group, changes according to the differences of the various regions. Avoiding the onslaught, a part of the population fled towards Nort-West and gave rise to the Mondsee group}* 5 An other part of the peoples living between the Drave and the Save with­drew in two directions, preserving their independence in the Danube —Drave corner and among the moun­tains of Bosnia —Hercegovina in the settlements on heights. It was in these two areas that the Vucedol group came into being; in the territory of Yougos­lavia it meant the period of Middle Bronze Age already, together with the Litzenkeramik group evolving among the autochthonous population of North-West Yougoslavia (this culture is called Laibacher Moors Mischkultur by P. Korosec and S. D i m i t r i e v i c). 146 In Western Hungary the invading Guntramsdorf —Drassburg population created on the ethnical basis and under the influence of the Lasinja —Somogy vár—Zók group the incrusted pottery culture of Western Trandsdanubia, at the turn of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages 147 (see extension map no. 2). 139 N. KALICZ: Diss. Arch. 4 (1962) 12. «о N. KALICZ: Arch. Ért. 94 (1967) 3. "I I. BONA: Diss. Arch. 2 (1960) 5 -; ID.: Alba Regia"2/3 (1961/62) 11. 142 M. GIMBUTAS: The Prehistory of Eastern Europe (Cambridge 1956); H. SCHROLLER: Schnurkeramik in Siebenbürgen (Brandenburg 1930); B. GINTER - R. ROGOZINSKA-GOSZCZYNSKA: Materialy Arch. 6 (1965) 33 - ; J. MACHNIK: Acta Arch. Carpat. 4 (1962) 91 - ; V. BUDINSKY-KRICKA: SA 13 (1965) 51-; M. BUCHVALDEK: Die Schnurkeramik in Mitteleuropa, PA 57 (1966) 126. 143 S. DIMITRIEVIC: Opusc. Arch. 5 (1961) 57. Cf. also the papers of P. Korosec cited above. 144 v. BUDINSKY-KRICKA: op. cit.: A. TOCIK: Die Nitra­Gruppe.. AR 15 (1963) 716 -; R. PITTIONI: op. cit. 247 -; G. BÁNDIt JPMÉ (1965) 65. 145 ibid. "в Ibid. 147 G. BANDI: JPMÉ (1965) 65. 31

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