Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 8.-9. 1967-1968 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1968)

Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bándi Gábor: Remarks on the History of Research in the „Vueedol Problem”. – Megjegyzések a Vueedoli-kérdés kutatástörténetéhez. VIII–IX, 1967–68. p. 23–33.

culture as follows: A population extended over the Carpathian Basin, apt to be divided into several groups in the area of diffusion described in detail, originating in different factors and migrating alike; its connections varied according to its movements in the directions S-N, SE-NW, as it has come into diverse cultural surroundings. As we have seen, there is no unitary view in the various national literatures as regards the origin, the evolutionary process, the inner chronology and the expansion of the culture yet, a fact well illustrated by the contradictory terminology.

81 Apart from the differences in the schemes of the origin and the evolutionary process, arising from typological varieties, also the contradictions as to the inner chronology, the diffusion and the nomenclature of the culture make the survey of the full material and the coordination of the ethnical groups necessary. Except for the term of "Slavonic culture", used by the Slovenian and Slovak scholars (empasizing the local origin in the first case, alluding to this idea instead of the genetic line followed by Hungarian research in the second), the most extensively adopted term is the "Vucedol culture" or "group". As to Hungarian literature, it has used this term equally, adding the name of the oldest site known in the country (Zók) to it, sometimes dropping Vucedol altogether.

82 Looking at the material bases underlying the various terms, one becomes aware of the fact that the names of the entire culture and of the diverse ethnical groups were not given owing to the inner chronology or the features characteristic of the culture, they were simply inherited by research without any criticism. Only if a student had to define a group, separated from the others recently, did he follow the characteristics of the ways of living, the forms of settlement, the burial rites, shortly material and spiritual culture more closely; thus the Nyírség and the Makó groups are doubtless independent units in the orbit of the culture and their names are fitting too.

83 As to the material of Western Hungary and Yougoslavia, it is in a much worse situation as regards definition, division into groups and the inner chronology of the latter. 1. Up to our day Yougoslav research did not add to the material, called by it "Vucedol culture", the related finds of the region east of the Danube, thus reaching generalizations without the knowledge of their relative chronological situation.

84 2. In the material called "Vucedol" or "Vucedol

—Zók, group", a term applied for the whole culture, as we have seen, one finds important divergences as regards ethnical composition, forms of settlement and material culture equally. 3. Following the publications of material and other results, the forms of settlement are sufficient to classify the so-called Vucedol, or Vucedol

—Zók sites 81 See the cited works by P. Korosec A. Benac, S. Dimitri evic, B. Novotny, or the views ofV. Milojöió and R Pittioni, held to our day. ** See the works by N. К a 1 i с z, quoted in note 71. 83 Ibid. ** Neither A. Benac nor M. Garaäanin dealt with the problem of the relationship of Hungarian finds. The chronology of S. Dimitr i e v i с is built on the coevity of the Baden and Bodrogkeresztúr cultures and this fact strongly influenced all dating in the Vucedol «circle. of Yougoslavia and Western Hungary into two groups. a) Settlements of one stratum, situated on hills along the water, where only dwellings deepened into the ground were found (the area of Western Hungary, including the Zók—Várhegytető settlement which has given the name to the group).

85 b) Settlements on heights, so-called tells, occurring in the part of land circumscribed by the Danube, the Drave and the Save, and south of the Save in Bosnia

—Hercegovina only; their extension may be defined exactly.

86 4. Proceeding to compare the archaeological material of the single-layer settlements and the tells, one finds significant differences, especially on the basis of pottery, preserved in the largest quantity. a) The material of minor excavations,

87 field surveys

88 and some large-scale excavations

89 never yielded the very plastic pottery, decorated with almost carvinglike furrows, typical of Vucedol and of the other tells in the Danube

—Drave corner or in Bosnia. b) The incrusted material of the single-layer settlements is characterized by a fine incision and the ornament of triangle-zones with indenture or hachure, hardly known in the region of the tells.

90 c) The characteristic vessel types of the Makó group are occurring in the single-layer settlements of Western Transdanubia only, just as the classic Vucedol pottery is entirely unknown in the group of the culture, extending over the Great Plain.

91 5. The material of the tells shows a much stronger impact of the form treasure of Litzenkeramik,

92 whereas the material culture of the Zók-type settlements of Western Hungary is subjected rather to southern, Balakanic

—Anatolian influences (we shall return to this problem in dealing with the Somogy vár group).

93 6. There are many analogies between the material of the one-stratum settlements of Western Hungary and that of the Lasinja group of North-Western Yougoslavia, defined by S. Dimitrievic, 85 In the West Hungarian area field surveys and excavations proved the existence of one-stratum settlements only, and this is valid for each case (Nagyárpád —Dióstető, Zók —Várhegy, Erzsébet, Dunaszekcső — Várhegy etc.). Lacking excavations, research of the past decades has been misled by the method of drawing general conclusions from the situation of the Vucedol tells. 86 S. DIMITRIEVIC: Opusc. Arch. 1 (1956) 5-16, I-XIV. - On the basis of the description of sites and the material published in tables, the following Vucedol-type tells may be selected in the area between the Danube, Drave and Save: Vuöedol, Beömen, Dei, Slivos, Lovas, Sotin, Vukovar, Erdut, Aljmas, Grabovac, Sarvaä, Osijek, Vrbica. A. BENAC: op. cit. 144, 170, XXVIII-XXIX. - Among the Bosnian sites Vucedol tells are the following: Zecovi, Hrustovaé, Debelo Bro, Kotorac, Vela Spilja, Grapceva Spilja, Rotna Gomila, Samograd, Svodna, Topica Glavica, Turbe, Dabar Pecina, Alihodie, Homolje, Toplica, Fortica, Jamina Sredi. 87 Erzsébet, Zók —Várhegy (Baranya county). 88 Field surveys in the counties Baranya, Tolna and Veszprém. 89 Neither in the site uncovered on the largest surface, Nagyárpád—Dióstető (Janus Pannonius Museum, Pécs), nor in any scattered find from a Western Hungarian settlement is this incrusted ware, typical of the region between the Drave and the Save, to be found. 90 See the tables of the publications quoted in note 86. R. R. SCHMIDT: op. cit. Pl. XXX-LXVII, 92. 91 The pottery of the Nagyárpád, Zók and Erzsébet settlements is very close to the Makó type material too. A. TOCIK. — J. PAULIK: op. cit. 111-113; J. CSALOG: op. cit. Pl. V nos 1-25, Pl. VI nos 1-3 (Kiskánya, Tolna conty). In the group of the Great Plain Vuóedol pieces are unknown according to publications, nor do the quoted papers by N. К a 1 i с z mention such finds. 92 R. R. SCHMIDT: op. cit. Pl. 31 no. 1, Pl. 32 no. 5, Pl. 33 nos 3, 6, Pl. 38 nos 5 — 6. These types are unknown both in the one-stratum settlements of the Great Plain and West Hungary. »3 I. BONA: Alba Regia 4/5 (1963/64) 39. 27