Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis. – Alba Regia. Az István Király Múzeum Évkönyve. 4.-5. 1963-1964 – Szent István Király Múzeum közleményei: C sorozat (1965)
Tanulmányok – Abhandlungen - Bóna István: The Peoples of Southern Origin of the Early Bronze Age in Hungary I–II. IV–V, 1963–64. p. 17–63. t. I–XVII.
háza and Bedelő even the traces of burial sacrifice were noticed: animal bones, ashes and sherds in a lump. The majority of vessels used as gravegoods are one-handled jugs but there are also water-jars. The phenomena described so far are evidently similar to the burials of the Somogyvár group. Nevertheless, there are differences too. In Schneckenberg surroundings no skeleton buried in an extended position has been found yet. In the Transylvanian mounds and the cist graves in the Barcaság plural burials, nay cremation rites are unrare occurrences (Bardóc, Gyertyámos). Pottery found in the graves differs from that of Somogyvár in several respects. As M. V. Garasanin justly stated, the burials of the Schneckenberg group come much nearer to the Serbian tumulus cemeteries of Belotic and Bela Crkva both as to rites and grave-furniture. Several related features are observed in ceramics as well. Technique itself, levigation, burning and colour are analogous but do not represent the high standard of Somogyvár ware, on the contrary they are identical with the Belotic —Bela Crkva pottery. Formal connections: One-handled angular jugs of type 1/a or their relatives are frequent in the cist grave of Weidenbach, H2 in another of Zeiden, 63 further in the material of the settlements too. 64 Also the relationship of onehandled jugs of globular bodies of the type 1/b is doubtless in the material of both the settlements 65 and the cist graves. 60 We mention that also the moustache ornament supporting the handle of one Nezsider jug 67 is found in Schneckenberg pottery. Two-handled water-jars (type 4) are equally observed in the Schneckenberg group both in the Vládháza burial mound 68 and the settlements, they have the same tubular handles but in smaller sizes. 69 The Transylvanian group furnishes a number of excellent parallels to the Nezsider bowls of type 6/a, 70 finally an analogy to the small cups (type 9) may be adduced from the Steinbruchhügel. 11 The wart ornament seen on Somogyvár pottery is also a feature of Schneckenberg ceramics. 7 "' 62 A. PROX: op. cit. Pl. 26 no. 5. 63 Ibid. Pl. 27 nos 2, 4. 64 Ibid. Pl. 21 nos. 1, 3-4. 6; Pl. 22 no. 2; Pl. 24 nos 1, 3-5, 7. 65 Ibid. Pl. 21 no. 11; Pl. 22 no. 6; Pl. 24 nov 2. 6. 66 Ibid. Pl. 26 nos 2-3, 6. 67 Ibid. Pl. 23 no. 1. 68 H. SCHROLLER: op. cit. Pl. 28 nos. 1 a-b. 69 A. PROX: op. cit. Figs 2-3; Pl. 2 no. 4. Nevertheless the enumerated related features are only one side of the Schneckenberg group, the pottery of which contains a great deal« of forms acquired in Transylvania. Such are the imported bowls of the Polish variety of the Funnel —Beaker culture or the onehandled, cord-ornament store-jars of an eastern type, occurring in large numbers in the sites of the groups,™ nay some Aegean shapes too, such as askoi or cups with pointed bottoms (imitating hide). Low, wide-mouthed, twohandled cups and the wide-mouthed, onehandled jug are pointing towards the Bubanj -Hum culture and the Belotic-Bela Crkva burial mounds. Patterns visible on the decorated vessels (incised and cord-ornamented motives, plastic ribs) are different in each case. Together with the analogies it is these divergences which give a special character to the group. So the Somogyvár and the Schneckenberg groups cannot be equalized. Beyond the doubtless identity of settlement and the relationship of burial rites in a certain degree only some Aegean vessel shapes are common: the one-handled jug, the water-jar and the bowls. But we must not forget that these shapes of vases are appearing in a more or less similar form also in the Vucedol and Nagyrév cultures, having received Aegean influences as well. Thus in all probability the primary basis of the Schneckenberg group is an Aegean group which, enriched by Bubanj III — Belotic — Bela Crkva elements, has arrived in Transylvania somewhat later than the Somogyvár group, being soon mixed with or amalgamated into a population immigrating from regions to the North and the East of the Carpathians. The Oltenian Gl ina III group shows the culture of this southern basic population but little mixed up with the said alien elements. In the Verbita burial mounds 74 jugs and vessels related both to Schneckenberg and Somogyvár have come to light beside ochrepainted skeletons. The dominant forms of these settlements are wide-mouthed, globular^bellied, one-and two-handled jars, jugs, deep bowls with splayed rims, nay they knew also tubular-handled water-jugs, as judged by the fragments. 75 Among their one-handled jugs 70 Ibid. Pigs 7-10, 13, 24. 71 Ibid. PI. 21 no. 12. 72 Ibid. PI. 21 no. 2; 36 no. 1. 73 Ibid, in numerous tables. Recently Z. SZÉKELY: Matériáié 3 (1957) 152-159, Figs 7-9. 74 D. BERCIU: Dacia 5 (1961) 156, Fig. 17. 75 J. NESTOR: Dacia 3/4 (1927-32) 226-252, Fig. 7 nos 1, 7: Fig. 8 nos 1, 4, 6; Fig. 9 no. 5; Fig. 10 no. 14; D. BERCIU: loc. cit. Fig. 17 nos 1-2. 53
